Memory 2 (CH. 8) Flashcards
What Does Implicit Memory Consist of?
- Procedural memory (know how)
- Priming (changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience)
- Perceptual learning (recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience)
- Classical conditioning (learning about associations among stimuli)
Jacoby (1991) Method of Opposition
Indirect testing. Used “method of opposition” to figure out how to disentangle the contributions of implicit memory vs. explicit memory
What are Errors of Omission?
Lack of availability of info due to poor encoding and/or forgetting
What are Errors of Commission?
False remembering of episode or episodic detail that happened in different ways or even never happened at all
What is the DRM Paradigm?
A commonly used experimental design, named after its originators (Deese, Roediger, and McDermott), for eliciting and studying memory errors. In this procedure, a person sees or hears a list of words that are related to a single theme; however, the word that names the theme is not itself included. Nonetheless, people are very likely to remember later that the theme word was presented
What is the Retention Interval?
The amount of time that passes between the initial learning of some material and the subsequent memory retrieval of that material
What is Inference Theory?
The hypothesis that materials are lost from memory because of interference from other materials that are also in memory. Interference caused by materials learned prior to the learning episode is called “proactive interference”; interference caused by materials learned after the learning episode is called “retroactive interference”
What is Retrieval Failure?
A mechanism that probably contributes to a great deal of forgetting. Retrieval failure occurs when a memory is, in fact, in long-term storage but the person is unable to locate that memory when trying to retrieve it
What is the TOT Phenomenon?
An often-observed effect in which people are unable to remember a particular word (typically identified via its definition) is in their vocabulary. People in this state often can remember the starting letter for the word and its number of syllables, and they insist that the word is on the “tip of their tongue”
What is Consolidation?
The biological process through which new memories are “cemented in place,” acquiring some degree of permanence through creation of new (or altered) neural connections
What are Flashbulb Memories?
A memory of extraordinary clarity, typically for some highly emotional event, that is retained over many years. Despite their remarkable vividness, flashbulb memories sometimes are inaccurate
Role of Heuristics
- ‘Rules of thumb’ that guide our judgements
- Serve to maximize cognitive economy
What is Fluency Heuristic?
Fluency is how easy it is to process info. Items we have seen many times are easier to process. Repetitive exposure to items is how we develop fluidity
