Memory 1 (CH. 6&7) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Memory?

A

Using what you used to see, so it still uses the visual system as a mental function

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2
Q

What are the Memory Systems?

A

Working memory and long-term memory

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3
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

A memory system that allows for short-term retention AND active manipulation of information. It is fluid or dynamic; it is NOT static

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4
Q

What is Long-Term Memory?

A

The storage system in which we hold all of our knowledge and all of our memories. Contains memories that are not currently activated; those that are activated are represented in working memory

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5
Q

What are the Types of Long-Term Memory?

A

Declarative (explicit) memory and non-declarative (implicit) memory

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6
Q

What are the Types of Declarative (Explicit) Memory

A

Episodic memory and semantic memory

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7
Q

What are the Types of Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory

A

Procedural memory and priming (perceptual representation system)

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8
Q

What is Declarative (Explicit) Memory?

A

Some of our working memories are consciously accessible to us (belongs to long-term memory)

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9
Q

What is Non-Declarative (Implicit) Memory?

A

Refers to our ability to use non-conscious memory abilities

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10
Q

What is Procedural Memory (In Non-Declarative Memory)?

A

How we remember how to do learned motor actions without having to think about them

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11
Q

What is Priming (In Non-Declarative Memory)?

A

The introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus (e.g., how we remember the letters of the alphabet)

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12
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

A

Information in semantic memory is thought to be organized in a network with related concepts near each other. Allows you to retrieve general information and facts. The reason as to why we are able to take related ideas and connect them together

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13
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

Refers to memories that we experience. When we remember a moment in time with a place. Ties sensory memory and semantic memory together. Motor and emotional memories are also tied in by episodic memory.

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14
Q

What is Sensory Memory?

A

A form of memory that holds on to just-seen or just-heard input in a “raw” sensory form

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15
Q

What is “Iconic” Memory?

A
  • A type of sensory memory
  • Large capacity
  • Brief duration
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16
Q

What is Acquisition?

A

The process of placing new information into long-term memory

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17
Q

What is Storage?

A

The state in which a memory, once acquired, remains until it is retrieved

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18
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

The process of locating information in memory and activating that information for use

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19
Q

Working Memory Capacity (WMC)

A

According to Engle (1999), WMC is not really about storage or memory per se, but about the capacity for controlled, sustained attention in the face of interference or distraction

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20
Q

What is the Primacy Effect?

A

Rehearsal of first few items results in transfer to LTM

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21
Q

What is Recency Effect?

A

“Dumping out” of information in WM

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22
Q

The Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)

A

Sensory input –> Sensory Memory –> Short-term memory –> Long-term memory

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23
Q

What Happened to Patient H.M.?

A

Had his hippocampus removed, which is why he was unable to have episodic memory. He still had procedural memory, which he demonstrated by being able to learn how to ride a bike

24
Q

Sperling (1960) Working Memory Study

A

Nine letters are flashed to the participant in a 3-by-3 grid. Participants were told to write down the letters on the screen. This study demonstrated that people’s ability to remember all nine letters is limited

25
Q

What is Maintenance Rehearsal?

A

A rote, mechanical process in which items are continually cycled through working memory, merely by being repeated over and over

26
Q

What is Relational or Elaborative Rehearsal?

A

A form of mental processing in which one thinks about the relations, or connections, among ideas. The connections created (or strengthened) in this way will later guide memory search

27
Q

What is Intentional Learning?

A

The acquisition of memories in a setting in which people know that their memory for the information will be tested later

28
Q

What is Incidental Learning?

A

Learning that takes place in the absence of any intention to learn and, correspondingly, in the absence of any expectation of a subsequent memory test

29
Q

What is Contextual Reinstatement?

A

Re-experiencing (mentally) the thoughts, feelings, sensations, present during learning

30
Q

What is Recall?

A
  • Retrieving through self generated cues
  • Requires memory search, and existing connections
31
Q

What is Recognition?

A
  • Retrieving through externally provided cues
  • Familiarity vs. source memory
32
Q

What is the Digit-Span Task?

A

A task often used for measuring working memory’s storage capacity. Research participants are read a series of digits (e.g., “8 3 4”) and must immediately repeat them back. If they do this successfully, they are given a slightly longer list (e.g., “9 2 4 0”), and so forth. The length of the longest list a person can remember in this fashion is that person’s digit span

33
Q

What is “7 plus-or-minus 2”

A

A range often offered as an estimate of the number of items or units able to be contained in working memory

34
Q

What is “Chunks” or “Chunking”?

A

The hypothetical storage units in working memory; it is estimated that working memory can hold 7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks. However, an unspecified quantity of information can be contained within each chunk, because the content of each chunk depends on how the memorizer has organized the materials to be remembered

35
Q

What is the Articulatory Rehearsal Loop?

A

One of the low-level assistants hypothesized as being part of the working-memory system. This loop draws on subvocalized (covert) speech, which serves to create a record in the phonological buffer. Materials in this buffer then fade, but they can be refreshed by another cycle of covert speech

36
Q

What is Subvocalization?

A

Covert speech in which one goes through the motions of speaking, or perhaps forms a detailed motor plan for speech movements, but without making any sound

37
Q

What is the Phonological Buffer?

A

A passive storage system used for holding a representation (essentially an “internal echo”) of recently heard or self-produced sounds

38
Q

What is the Concurrent Articulation Task?

A

The speaking or miming of speech while doing some other task. In many cases, the person is required to say “Tah-Tah-Tah” over and over, or “one, two, three, one, two, three.” These procedures occupy the muscles and control mechanisms needed for speech, so they prevent the person from using these resources for subvocalization

39
Q

What is Shallow Processing?

A

A mode of thinking about material in which one pays attention only to appearances and other superficial aspects of the material; shallow processing typically leads to poor memory retention

40
Q

What is Deep Processing?

A

A mode of thinking in which a person pays attention to the meaning and implications of the material; deep processing typically leads to excellent memory retention

41
Q

What are Retrieval Paths?

A

A connection (or series of connections) that can lead to a sought-after memory in long-term storage

42
Q

What are Mnemonic Strategies?

A

Techniques designed to improve memory accuracy and to make learning easier; in general, mnemonic strategies seek to help memory by imposing an organization on the materials to be learned

43
Q

What is a Peg-Word System?

A

A type of mnemonic strategy using words or locations as “pegs” on which to “hang” the materials to be remembered

44
Q

What is Encoding Specificity?

A

The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both the materials to be learned and some other amount of their context. As a result, these materials will be recognized as familiar, later on, only if the materials appear again in a similar context

45
Q

What is the Lexical-Decision Task?

A

A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and must indicate, as quickly as possible, whether or not each string of letters is a word in their language. It is proposed that people perform this task by “looking up” these strings in their “mental dictionary”

46
Q

What is Source Memory?

A

A form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode in which learning took place or the time and place in which a particular stimulus was encountered

47
Q

What is the Word-Stem Task?

A

A task in which research participants are given the beginning of a word (e.g., “TOM”) and must provide a word that starts with the letters provided. In some versions of the task, only one solution is possible, so performance is measured by counting the number of words completed. In other versions of the task, several solutions are possible for each stem, and performance is assessed by determining which responses fulfill some other criterion

48
Q

What is Direct Memory Testing?

A

A form of memory testing in which people are asked explicitly to remember some previous event. Recall and standard recognition testing are both forms of direct memory testing

49
Q

What is Indirect Memory Testing?

A

A form of memory testing in which research participants are not told that their memories are being tested. Instead, they’re tested in such a way that previous experiences can influence current behaviour. Examples of indirect tests include word-stem completion, the lexical-decision task, and tachistoscopic recognition

50
Q

What is a Processing Pathway?

A

The sequence of nodes and connections between nodes through which activation flows when recognizing or thinking about a stimulus or idea. The speed or ease of activation flow is referred to as processing fluency

51
Q

What is Processing Fluency?

A

The speed or ease of processing involved in recognizing or thinking about a stimulus or idea; usually understood as a reflection of the speed or ease with which activation moves through a processing pathway

52
Q

What is Amnesia?

A

A disruption of memory, often due to brain damage

53
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

An inability to remember experiences that occurred before the event that triggered the memory disruption

54
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

An inability to remember experiences that occurred after the event that triggered the memory disruption

55
Q

Neely (1977) Study of Semantic Priming

A

Neely’s experiment involved a lexical discussion task, where participants were asked to make a decision about correct lowercase words. One group was primed with a related uppercase word and then shown the related lowercase words; the other group was not primed.

56
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

A clinical syndrome characterized primarily by dense anterograde amnesia. Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by damage to specific brain regions, and it is often precipitated by a form of malnutrition that is common among long-term alcoholics