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ESA 2 Membranes and Receptors > Receptors In Cell Signalling, Receptor Structure And Common Structural Motifs (6) > Flashcards

Receptors In Cell Signalling, Receptor Structure And Common Structural Motifs (6) Flashcards

0
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A
  • Signalling cell secretes local mediators to multiple target cells
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1
Q

What are the two main ways of intracellular signalling?

A
  • Via secreted molecules

- Via plasma membrane-bound molecules

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2
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A
  • Signalling cell secretes hormone into blood stream to target cells
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3
Q

What is synaptic signalling?

A
  • Neurotransmitters across synaptic clefts.
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4
Q

What are the two main types of molecules that are involved in intracellular signalling and how do they reach the target cell?

A
  • Steroid
  • Thyroid
  • Via carrier proteins in the blood diffusing across membrane
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5
Q

What is the definition of a receptor?

A
  • A molecule that recognises specifically a second molecule/family of molecules
  • In response to ligand binding, regulation of cellular processes occur.
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6
Q

What role does a receptor have when unbound?

A
  • Nothing
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7
Q

What is a ligand?

A
  • Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site.
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8
Q

What do ligands do?

A
  • May produce activation of a receptor - agonist

- May combine with a receptor site without causing activation - antagonist

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9
Q

Give comparisons of receptor affinity to enzyme affinity to ligand binding.

A
  • Receptor: 10^-9M - 10^-6M

- Enzyme: 10^-6M - 10^-3M

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10
Q

How are receptors classified?

A
  • Via specific physiological signalling molecule (agonist) recognised
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11
Q

How are receptors subclassified?

A
  • Affinity (tightness of binding) of a series of antagonists
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12
Q

What are the agonists of the following:

  • Nicotinic
  • Muscarinic
A
  • Nicotine

- Muscarine

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13
Q

What do the following muscarinic receptor subtypes bind to?

  • M1
  • M2
  • M3
A
  • M1: Pirenzipine
  • M2: Gallanine
  • M3: Hexahydrosiladiphenol
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14
Q

What is the difference between a receptor and an acceptor?

A
  • Receptor: Silent at rest & antagonist binding stimulates a biological response
  • Acceptor: Operates in absence of ligand & ligand binding alone produces no response
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15
Q

How are extracellular signals transduced into intracellular signals?

A
  • Membrane bound receptors with integral ion channels
  • Membrane bound receptors with integral enzyme activity
  • Membrane bound receptors which couple to effectors via transducing proteins
  • Intracellular receptors
16
Q

Give examples of membrane bound receptors with integral ion channels.

A
  • nAChR: gated Na/K/Ca channels
  • GABA: gated Cl channels
  • Glycine: gates Cl channels
  • Glutamate (NMDA/AMPA): gated Ca
17
Q

Describe the look and function of membrane bound receptors with integral enzyme activity.

A
  • N end outside cell - binding domain

- C end inside cell - catalytic domain

18
Q

Give examples of membrane bound receptors with integral enzyme activity.

A
  • Platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGF)
19
Q

Describe how signalling via tyrosine kinase linked receptors works.

A
  • Receptor + agonist -> agonist bound receptor with auto phosphorylation -> a) Direct to enzymes OR b) Uses transducer to reach enzyme.
20
Q

How do insulin receptors work?

A
  • alpha molecules bind to beta transmembrane receptors via the insulin binding domain
  • This activates the tyrosine kinase domain to cause an effect
21
Q

What is the role of G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • They produce both Gs (stimulatory) and Gi (inhibitory)

- These allow for regulation of target cell activity

22
Q

What does G proteins stand for?

A
  • GTP binding regulatory proteins
23
Q

What is the role of G proteins in 7TMD receptors

A
  • Adrenaline binding to beta-adrenoreceptors activates ATP cAMP via Gs
  • ACh binding to M2 muscarinic ACh receptors simulate K channel opening via Gi
24
Q

How can amplification in cellular signalling occur?

A
  • Receptors stimulated and release GDP to attach to another protein and form a protein-GTP complex which produces cAMP
  • cAMP stimulates protein kinase release to stimulate enzyme production
  • Product of this is huge amplification

ESA 2 Membranes and Receptors (11 decks)

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