Receptors

Question 1

Have long outer segments that are joined with photon capturing molecules arranged in a disk fashion (vision).
Contains photopigments that captures photons.

Answer 1

Photoreceptors

Question 2

Audition and balance

Answer 2

Mechanoreceptors

Question 3

Olfaction and gustation

Answer 3

Chemoreceptors

Question 4

True or False:

Each specialization receptor cell has a “switch” that must be turned on in order for the cell to turn on

Answer 4

True

Question 5

True or False:

All receptors potentials are strong enough to elict an action potential in that afferent nerve cell

Answer 5

False: receptor potential must be strong enough to release enough glutamate so that the affrerent nerve fiber can reach threshold

Question 6

Compex and important special sense. Eye captures and focus light to turn that signal into one that can be relayed to and understood by the brain so that a complete image can be formed

Answer 6

Vision

Question 7

Wave length of the light that can be detected by human eye

Answer 7

Visible spectrum

Question 8

Protect the light from the sun and foreign objects

Answer 8

Eyebrows/eyelashes

Question 9

Spread oil, mucus and saline across the conjunctiva to moisten and avoid friction

Answer 9

Eyelids

Question 10

Produces tears

Answer 10

Lacrimal gland

Question 11

Tears come from ____ at comers of eyes into the ____.

Answer 11

Lacrimal puncta

lacrimal sac

Question 12

____ drains fluid into nasal cavity via ____

Answer 12

Sac drains

nasolacrimal duct

Question 13

Inflammation of the sclera and inner layer of eyelid due to bacterial or vial infection

Answer 13

Conjuntivitis

Question 14

White part of the eyes

Answer 14

Sclera

Question 15

Pigmented

Answer 15

Iris

Question 16

Central opening allows light to enter

Answer 16

Pupil

Question 17

Helps focus light on retina

Answer 17

Lens

Question 18

Part of the vascular layer

Answer 18

Choroid

Question 19

Contain photoreceptor cells that capture light

Answer 19

Retina

Question 20

Central point of the retina

Answer 20

Macula

Question 21

Contains highest density of rods and cones

Answer 21

Favea

Question 22

Carries visual info to visual cortex

Answer 22

Optic nerve

Question 23

Anterior portion of the eye just under the cornea

Answer 23

Aqueous humor

Question 24

Posterior compartment

Answer 24

Vitreous humor

Question 25

One of the leading causes of blindness. Increase intraocular pressure resulting from aqueous humor build-up

Answer 25

Glaucoma

Question 26

Eyeball 3 tissue layers (from outermost to innermost)

Answer 26

Cornea and sclera, choroid, retinal layer

Question 27

True or False: | Retinal pigment epithelium stores and recycles vitamin D

Answer 27

False, it's vitamin A

Question 28

Filled with pigment melanospin. 1-3% are photosensitive Help reset internal clock, regulate pupil size, regulate release of melatonin

Answer 28

Ganglion cells

Question 29

What is causing intraocular pressure to increase?

Answer 29

Decrease re-absorption of aqueous humor

Question 30

True or False: | The pupil can dilate or constrict to allow more or less light to hit the retina.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

The adjustment of the lens so that you can see objects both ner and far

Answer 31

Accommodation

Question 32

When image is focused behind the retina

Answer 32

Eyeball is too shallow

Question 33

All the cells involved in the capture of light forms a single photon, including the ganglion cell that converges on

Answer 33

Receptive field

Question 34

Disks are densely packed with photopigments

Answer 34

Aspins and II-cis-retinal

Question 35

Captures captures a singe photon of light and converts the energy into message

Answer 35

Photopigments

Question 36

When stimulated by light, photoreceptor cells stop releasing glutamate and bipolar cells become____

Answer 36

Hyperpolarized

Question 37

Rhodopsin- scoptic vision | Shades of black and grey

Answer 37

Rod cells

Question 38

Opsin- photopic vision | Bright light conditions

Answer 38

Cone cells

Question 39

In the retina there is a relay of info between cell layers. Put the layers in order beginning with the cells that first capture a photon and ending with the cells send action potentials to the brain

Answer 39

Photoreceptor cell, bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Question 40

True or False: | Rod cells are specialized for scotopic vision

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Portion of a receptor cell that can capture a photon is the ____

Answer 41

Outer segment

Question 42

The photo-pigment in rods and cone

Answer 42

Opsin + II-cis-retinal

Question 43

True or False: | Cones are responsible for color vision, while rods can only function is black, white and shades of gray

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What is the step necessary for initiating the visual transduction cascade in rods?

Answer 44

Capture of a photon by rhodopsin and isomerization of retinal

Question 45

What happens to the levels of CGMP in the light?

Answer 45

Levels of CGMP decrease

Question 46

Physiological response of a photoreceptor cell when light is sensed is?

Answer 46

Hyperpolarization of photoreceptor cell

Question 47

Events involved in visual transduction in order of occurance

Answer 47

1. Capture a photon by photo-pigment 2. 11-cis-retinal isomerozation 3. activatio of G protein 4. activation of phosphodiesterosa 5. decrease levels of CGMP 6. closure of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels 7. Photorecptor hyperpolarization 8. Decrease release of gltamate onto bipolar cells

Question 48

One way in which the visual transduction can be "switch off" by?

Answer 48

Arrestin binding rhodopsin

Question 49

The ability of the photoreceptor cells to adjust from low light intensity to high light intensity and a back again is called?

Answer 49

Adaptation

Question 50

These cells in the retina can fire action potentials along their axons and transmit the signal to the brain via the optic nerve. Only cells in the retina capable of producing cation potential

Answer 50

Ganglion cells

Question 51

True or False: The ganglion axons from the right and left eyes never crossover, therefore each hemisphere of the visual cortex receives input only from the eye on the same side

Answer 51

False