Reasearch Methods 1st exam

Question 1

1981 Minneapolis

Answer 1

misdemeanor arrests, those that were arrested were less likely to reoffend. for example; in the US 90% of domestic assault do not reoffend after an arrest. but could differ in other states file in others no correlation was found.

Question 2

Investigative research

Answer 2

What factors do they think about when they decide to put forth effort to solve cases.

Question 3

Investigative research process

Answer 3

First developed a research question. Look at the cases and what they involve ex: studying te camping of crime in a certain city and why.
What are you interested In: do you have any personal experience, make observations and refine previos research like recommendations from research articles.
Test: criminological theory, ex; social learning theory.
find grant funding for the test. what is most interesting to you.

Question 4

evaluation of research method

Answer 4

feasibility: hwo difficult it is going to be to collect data. the access to the data, volume of data required to make the study valid, new data to update, amountof time rewuired to collect and tests data.

Question 5

social importance of research of cases

Answer 5

will what you find make a difference in society? will it change a policy for the better? can it reduce crime? increase the ability to solve a crime.

Question 6

Scientific relevance of case study or research

Answer 6

must consider what has already been learned about the case, and does it provide anything new.

Question 7

literature review

Answer 7

look at previos studies because it helps answer questions and identify contradictory evidence. search for in libraries: refreed journals, google scholar and CJ articles, sociological abstracts, refrences from other journals. DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA, ALTHOUGH THERE CAN BE SOURCES FOUND THERE AND MUST BE MADE THROUGH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.

Question 8

Research method foundations

Answer 8

when was the research done? Example: Domestic violence article, explanatory study- cause and effect. Used the deterrence theory; to scare straight and help prevent crime. had literal reviews and also ethical concerns. the Research Design was systemic treatment with all eligible cases vs all cases, it was data collected over time with recidivism test up to 6 months after original arrests, tested for the effect of arrests on repeat offenders.

Question 9

Findings of the Domestic violence Study

Answer 9

Formal vs informal social control, for people that have a job arrest would work, so arrests worked on those that had something to lose, IN REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE LOOK AT THE RESULTS OF PRIOR RESEARCH ARTICLES AND DEVELOPE AND OVERALL ASSESMENT OF IT, SUMMARIZE THE RESEARCH, SELECT THE MOST PERTINENT, MORE RECENT DATA AND USE DIRECT QOUTES SPARINGLY ONLY WHEN MAKING A DIRECT PONT. AND CRITIWUE PRIOR RESEARCH, HOW WAS THE REPORT REVIEWED? DISSERTATIONS, REPORTS FROM REASERCH ORGANIZATIONS AND REPORTS FROM AUTHORS WITH HIGH REPUTATION, deterrence theory is what they thought would work less then half the victims followed up. ,

Question 10

black’s law

Answer 10

all concluded that officers do not devaluate on the report considered legit, although questionable.

Question 11

Social learning theory

Answer 11

people learn criminal behavior, through observation, limitations and modeling.

Question 12

routine activities theory

Answer 12

motivated offender with a suitable target and lack of capable guardian, challenge this by increasing routine traffic stops therefore stopping more violent crime. identification of persons makes them less likely to offend, ex: warrants, suspended license, evidence of a crime in their vehicle, plain view or plain sight.

Question 13

rational choice theory

Answer 13

seeing multiple people being stopped acts as a deterrent for example the focus volume of traffic stops.

Question 14

3 ethical principles

Answer 14

Respect for persons: treat the persons as autonomous agents and protect those with diminished autonomy,
Beneficence: minimize possible harms.
Justice: distributing benefits and risks of research fairly,

Question 15

institutional review board

Answer 15

to protect from future abuse, the government requires that every institution that seeks federal funding for biomendical or behavioral research studies on human subjects to have an institutional review board. and they must be from diverse backgrounds.

Question 16

ethical principles

Answer 16

achieving valid results by pursuing objective knowledge to try to confirm preexisting or to convince someone to believe your ideas.

Question 17

contribution to knowledge openness and honesty

Answer 17

must disclose all their methods and honest presentings of their findings, VS distorted findings for political pressure or gain or most marketable. methodology section: how the research was done., although some don’t because they don’t others benefiting off their improved results before the creator, example AIDS virus and discovery.

Question 18

Stanford Prison experiment

Answer 18

unethical experiment, participants suffered anguish, such extreme stress and emotional turmoil.

Question 19

Milgram’s experiment

Answer 19

asked subjects to deliver electric shocks, you must avoid harming participants, the study shoeed that they did not obtain informed consent from participants. must also be voluntary with fully informed and comprehendible,

Question 20

informed consent

Answer 20

consider researcher position of authority., children cannot legally give consent, maintain privacy, and confidentiality lie locking records using identity codes and pseudonyms, researchers cannot guarantee confidentiality: through court supoenas, must disclose child abuse, NIJ is private certificate and NIH-certificate of confidentiality.

Question 21

Uses of research

Answer 21

Stanford experiment: abuse of prisoners
Milgrams shock therapy: extent of obedience to authority, offered several ways to lesson blind obedience,
Domestic assault experiments: withholding a beneficial treatment(arrest) reults published in mass media, department changed arrest policy. and researchers conducted on behalf of organizations.

Question 22

positivism

Answer 22

there is an objective reality that exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it. scientist must be unbiased and objective to see reality clearly.

Question 23

postpositivism

Answer 23

same as positivism but tries to find objectivity by recognizing the effects of biases. researchers beliefs and lifestyles can influence what is observed.

Question 24

intrepretivism

Answer 24

the belief that reality is socially constructed and the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to those realities.

Question 25

deductive reasoning

Answer 25

takes from a general prospective to make a single theory or conclusion.

Question 26

inductive reasoning

Answer 26

takes from a single theory and applies to the general population. that derives general principles from specific observations.

Question 27

explanatory research: anomalous findings

Answer 27

unexpected patters in data,

Question 28

hypothesis

Answer 28

a tentative prediction about a relationship between two or more variables. For ex: more traffic stops lower serious crime rate.

Question 29

variable

Answer 29

characteristic that can vary,

Question 30

constant

Answer 30

a number that has a fixed value

Question 31

independent variable

Answer 31

variable that causes change

Question 32

dependent variable

Answer 32

variable that is changed by the independent variable.

Question 33

direction of association

Answer 33

positive relationship: independent ot dependent variables will move in the same direction,
negative relationship: X goes up and y goes down vice versa,

Question 34

inductive research

Answer 34

look at specific data, use data to make an explanation, look for patterns compare to hypothesis either theory supports or nah.

Question 35

control theory

Answer 35

having a reason to conform to the rules would decrease the chances that they would reoffend.

Question 36

procedural justice theory

Answer 36

if not treated correctly they will reoffend.

Question 37

pete and Hamilton 1992

Answer 37

labeling theory, developing understanding of an empirical reality, individuals may be influenced by the terms that are used to describe them.

Question 38

measurement validity

Answer 38

are you measuring what you intend to measure.

Question 39

generalizability

Answer 39

does the conclusion hold true for the greater population.