Reasearch Methods 1st exam Flashcards
1981 Minneapolis
misdemeanor arrests, those that were arrested were less likely to reoffend. for example; in the US 90% of domestic assault do not reoffend after an arrest. but could differ in other states file in others no correlation was found.
Investigative research
What factors do they think about when they decide to put forth effort to solve cases.
Investigative research process
First developed a research question. Look at the cases and what they involve ex: studying te camping of crime in a certain city and why.
What are you interested In: do you have any personal experience, make observations and refine previos research like recommendations from research articles.
Test: criminological theory, ex; social learning theory.
find grant funding for the test. what is most interesting to you.
evaluation of research method
feasibility: hwo difficult it is going to be to collect data. the access to the data, volume of data required to make the study valid, new data to update, amountof time rewuired to collect and tests data.
social importance of research of cases
will what you find make a difference in society? will it change a policy for the better? can it reduce crime? increase the ability to solve a crime.
Scientific relevance of case study or research
must consider what has already been learned about the case, and does it provide anything new.
literature review
look at previos studies because it helps answer questions and identify contradictory evidence. search for in libraries: refreed journals, google scholar and CJ articles, sociological abstracts, refrences from other journals. DO NOT USE WIKIPEDIA, ALTHOUGH THERE CAN BE SOURCES FOUND THERE AND MUST BE MADE THROUGH SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.
Research method foundations
when was the research done? Example: Domestic violence article, explanatory study- cause and effect. Used the deterrence theory; to scare straight and help prevent crime. had literal reviews and also ethical concerns. the Research Design was systemic treatment with all eligible cases vs all cases, it was data collected over time with recidivism test up to 6 months after original arrests, tested for the effect of arrests on repeat offenders.
Findings of the Domestic violence Study
Formal vs informal social control, for people that have a job arrest would work, so arrests worked on those that had something to lose, IN REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE LOOK AT THE RESULTS OF PRIOR RESEARCH ARTICLES AND DEVELOPE AND OVERALL ASSESMENT OF IT, SUMMARIZE THE RESEARCH, SELECT THE MOST PERTINENT, MORE RECENT DATA AND USE DIRECT QOUTES SPARINGLY ONLY WHEN MAKING A DIRECT PONT. AND CRITIWUE PRIOR RESEARCH, HOW WAS THE REPORT REVIEWED? DISSERTATIONS, REPORTS FROM REASERCH ORGANIZATIONS AND REPORTS FROM AUTHORS WITH HIGH REPUTATION, deterrence theory is what they thought would work less then half the victims followed up. ,
black’s law
all concluded that officers do not devaluate on the report considered legit, although questionable.
Social learning theory
people learn criminal behavior, through observation, limitations and modeling.
routine activities theory
motivated offender with a suitable target and lack of capable guardian, challenge this by increasing routine traffic stops therefore stopping more violent crime. identification of persons makes them less likely to offend, ex: warrants, suspended license, evidence of a crime in their vehicle, plain view or plain sight.
rational choice theory
seeing multiple people being stopped acts as a deterrent for example the focus volume of traffic stops.
3 ethical principles
Respect for persons: treat the persons as autonomous agents and protect those with diminished autonomy,
Beneficence: minimize possible harms.
Justice: distributing benefits and risks of research fairly,
institutional review board
to protect from future abuse, the government requires that every institution that seeks federal funding for biomendical or behavioral research studies on human subjects to have an institutional review board. and they must be from diverse backgrounds.
ethical principles
achieving valid results by pursuing objective knowledge to try to confirm preexisting or to convince someone to believe your ideas.
contribution to knowledge openness and honesty
must disclose all their methods and honest presentings of their findings, VS distorted findings for political pressure or gain or most marketable. methodology section: how the research was done., although some don’t because they don’t others benefiting off their improved results before the creator, example AIDS virus and discovery.
Stanford Prison experiment
unethical experiment, participants suffered anguish, such extreme stress and emotional turmoil.
Milgram’s experiment
asked subjects to deliver electric shocks, you must avoid harming participants, the study shoeed that they did not obtain informed consent from participants. must also be voluntary with fully informed and comprehendible,
informed consent
consider researcher position of authority., children cannot legally give consent, maintain privacy, and confidentiality lie locking records using identity codes and pseudonyms, researchers cannot guarantee confidentiality: through court supoenas, must disclose child abuse, NIJ is private certificate and NIH-certificate of confidentiality.
Uses of research
Stanford experiment: abuse of prisoners
Milgrams shock therapy: extent of obedience to authority, offered several ways to lesson blind obedience,
Domestic assault experiments: withholding a beneficial treatment(arrest) reults published in mass media, department changed arrest policy. and researchers conducted on behalf of organizations.
positivism
there is an objective reality that exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it. scientist must be unbiased and objective to see reality clearly.
postpositivism
same as positivism but tries to find objectivity by recognizing the effects of biases. researchers beliefs and lifestyles can influence what is observed.
intrepretivism
the belief that reality is socially constructed and the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to those realities.
