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CJ292 > Exam 2 sampling > Flashcards

Exam 2 sampling Flashcards

1
Q

concepts and measurements

A

we must be sure we know what exactly we are taking about we can measure it.
some are straight forward: number of traffic tickets and number of arrests.
others are harder to measure: gang violence, how to exactly measure that.

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2
Q

concept

A

metal image that surrenders a set of similar observations, feelings, and ideas.
for an accurate measurements we need explicit definitions

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3
Q

conceptualization

A

the process of specifying what we mean by the term.

the process the specifying what mean by a term: 7 different definitions of youth violence. gang violence.

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4
Q

substance abuse

A

falling down, 12 year old drunk, show repeated use of substance to an extent that interferes with adequate social vocational or self caring functions. definition must rely on the behavioral and biological.

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5
Q

community policing

A

foot patrole, police concentrated on the community, adoption and mobilization, problem solving,

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6
Q

poverty

A

the amount of money required to purchase an emergency diet. good enough for two months. minimum amount of wages earned.

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7
Q

concept and variables

A

after defining the concepts, identify the variables.that represent the concepts and then develop measurements to measure them. for example binge drinking: measure the amount over time.

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8
Q

operationalization

A

the process for specifying the steps for measuring variables.

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9
Q

indicators

A

the questions or other operations used to indicate the value of cases on a variable.

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10
Q

social class

A

some income, education, occupational prestige. the value of these 3 indicators make an indicator.

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11
Q

measurement validity

A

when a measurement measures what it intends to measure.

like measuring crime rates using official data. very important.

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12
Q

face validity

A

when inspections of the item used to measure a concept suggest that they are appropriate on the face. common sense would lead you to believe that the measurement is measuring.

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13
Q

content validity

A

a measurement that covers the entire range of the concepts meaning.

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14
Q

criterion validity

A

comparing a measurement with some external criterion.

use blood alcohol concentration test to validate self reported drinking.

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15
Q

construct validity

A

establish validity by showing that a measure is related to other measures as specified in a theory.

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16
Q

reliability

A

a measure is reliable when it yields consistent scores or observation of a given phenomenon and different occasions. GPS.

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17
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

A measurement showing that measures something at two points in time. For example illness.

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18
Q

Split halves reliability

A

Responses to the same question by two randomly selected halves if a sample and are about the same.

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19
Q

Inter observer reliability

A

Similar measurement are obtained by different observers.
We must obsess the reliability of a measurement in order to establish validity. Although a consistent result may not always be right.

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20
Q

Variables and levels of measurements

A 
Precision levels from lowest to highest.  
Nominal
Ordinal 
Interval
Ratio
Must be mutually exclusive
And fit into one category.
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21
Q

Nominal measurement

A 
Qualitative measurement.  Values have no mathematical interpretation.  
Gender 
Race
Occupation
Religious views.
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22
Q

Ordinal level of measurement

A

Can be ordered from last to greatest but distances still not showing

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23
Q

Interval level of measurement

A

The number indicating a variables fixed zero point.
The changes between each value is equal and incremental.
Temperature at 0 degrees means that is really cold.

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24
Q

Ratio level of management

A

The number indicating the variables values represent fixed measurement unitsunami and absolute zero point. . The change between each variable represent fixed measurement units and absolute zero point.

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25
Q

Dichotomies

A

Variables having only two attributes never using drugs for example.

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26
Q

Comparisons of level measurements

A

Researchers choose levels of measurements in the process of operationalization of the variables.
Many variables can be measured at different levels with different procedures. Salaries: exact salaries 40000 to 49000, 50 to 59.

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27
Q

frequency polygon

A

a continuous line connects the points representing the number or % of cases with each value. (tofle 1983): begin the graph at 0, bars are equal width. avoid junk you don’t need.

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28
Q

grouped and ungrouped data

A

constructing and reading frequency distributions for variable with few values is not difficult

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29
Q

descriptive statistics

A

mean median mode, stand dev., statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationships among variables.
important t ouse statistics that will best answer your question.

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30
Q

uni-variate analysis

A

examines one variable at a time. “car color( one variable)

31
Q

two most common forms of operations displaying variations

A

frequency distributions and graphs of frequency distribution. displays number and percentage.

32
Q

graphs and frequency distributions

A

graphs have an advantage over numerically developed frequencies distributed by the providing a picture.

33
Q

skewness

A

the extent to which cases are cluster at one or the other end of distribution.

34
Q

group administered survey

A

completed by individual respondents assembled in a group. response rates are usually high, two issues: mos populations cant be measured in a group and respondents may feel coerced.

35
Q

phone survey

A

interviews over the phone, two concerns: reaching sampling units, random digit dialing makes it easier to draw a random sample. maximizing response rates: multiple call backs, interviewer must be able to verbally convey data. usual survey time is 40-50 min.

36
Q

person interview

A

face to face more complex. balancing report and control. can be computer assisted.

37
Q

double barreled questions

A

avoid avoid avoid, avoid agreement and disagreement. response choices should be mutually exclusively ; responses dont over lap. response catagories should be exhaustive .classified into one of the response choices. minimize fence sitting and floating. muetral in the attitude towards an issue.

38
Q

survey design

A

S basic survey design: mailed survey, group administered survey, phone, in person interview,

39
Q

mailing

A

maximize response, make the questionnaire attractive. clear and understandable questions, minimum response rate for mail should be 70%

40
Q

range

A

spread or how much of the cases is acutally covered and what data to use.

41
Q

interquartile range

A

divide into 4 and take the Q3-Q2 to get the IQR

42
Q

variance

A

how far a set of data is spread out, 0 means all values are the same small variance means the data set are close to each other.

43
Q

standard deviation

A

how close or spread the data is from the mean.

44
Q

median

A

the score or point that divides the distribution in half. 50th percentile. inappropriate to use for variable measured at the minimal level.

45
Q

mean

A

THE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF ALL scores add them all up then divide by how many there are in total. innappropriate to use for measured variables at an internal or ration level. sensative to extreme values.

46
Q

median or mean

A

variables level or measurement, shape of its distribution, purpose of the statistical summary. appropriate to use either or none sometimes.

47
Q

measures of variation

A

capture how widely or densely spread the values are from the variable of interest.

48
Q

grouped data

A

categorizes should be logically defensible and preserve the distributions shape. catagories should be mutuallly exclusive and exhaustive. last imterval should be the highest value. interval width that falls within the values should be the same. should e 7 to 13 intervals.

49
Q

central tendency mode

A

no mode, one mode, (Unimodal) or more than one mode ( bimodal or trimodal) only use central tendancy at the nominal level. when the most probable value needs to be determined. some distributions dont have a mode.

50
Q

samplin

A

means to be a random and cannot be biased in anyway.

51
Q

population

A

the set of individuals or either entites to which the to generalize or findings.

52
Q

sample

A

is a subset of elements from the entire population.

53
Q

elements

A

individual members of the sample.

54
Q

sampling frame

A

the list from which the elements of the poplation are selected.

55
Q

sampling units

A

any single unit sampled from the pop. primary sampling- elements selected in the first stage of the sample. Secondary- entities selected in the second stage of the sample.

56
Q

generalizability

A

go from a subject of the larger pop and apply to the entire population.

57
Q

cross pop general/ external validity

A

ability to generalize from out findings about the groups from other external groups.

58
Q

representative sample

A

a sample that looks like the population from which it came, respecting all aspects that can relate to the study. the distributions of the characteristics of the rep. sample and the total population are the same or similar.

59
Q

sampling error

A

any difference between the characteristics of a sample asn the characteristics of the larger population from wence it came. the larger the sampling error the less representation.

60
Q

2 types of sampling methods

A

probability: sample metjods that allow us to know in advance how likely an event is, always out of 100 or 1.0.

61
Q

random selection

A

everything must have an equal chance of being selected.

62
Q

non probability

A

sampling method in which the likelihood of selection is not known in advance.

63
Q

4 types of probability sampling

A

simple random sampling: identifies cases strictly on the basis of choice, can be done with replacement.
systemic sampling: the first element is selected from a list and every Nth is selected after. preiodicity, total pop deivided by number of cases then randomly select where to start select every nth one.

64
Q

stratified sampling

A

1st distinguish all elements in pop. according to their value. and relevancy then sampling elements randomly from within each strata.

65
Q

cluster sampling

A

belong to one strata, these characteristics form one strata.

66
Q

proportionate ratified sampling

A

the proportion of each stratum that is included in the sample what is in the pop represatation.

67
Q

disproportionate

A

varies from the population probality is known but unequal between strata, useful for when researchers need to include a smaller group.

68
Q

multistage cluster sampling

A

1: clusters, mixed groups of elements of the pop random selection.
2: within clusters within each selected cluster, a random sample of elements is selected. maximize the number of cluster selected and minimize the number of individuals.

69
Q

nonprobablity sampling

A

each member if the pop has an unknown probability of being selected. useful when cannot obtain pop sample, small pop, exploratory study

70
Q

availability sampling

A

selection based on availability, half hazard, convinience accidental

71
Q

qouta sampling

A

elements are selected to ensure the sampe represents certain characteristics in pop to their prevalence in pop. similar to stratified, but less rigourous and precise in selection.

72
Q

validity

A

measuring what oyu intend to measure.

73
Q

purposive sampling

A

elements selected for a purpose, informants should be knowledgebale, willing to talk

CJ292 (5 decks)

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