Ready To Study: The Cancer Patient Part 1 [II of II] Flashcards

1
Q

This type of tumor is usually surrounded by a capsule.

This is what route of cancer malignancy invasion and metastasis?

A

Benign spread by expansion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Some families are more prone to cancer.

Which factor affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Development of a secondary tumor at a distant location.

This is what route of cancer malignancy invasion and metastasis?

A

Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If there are no cancer cells in the lymph node then we know the cancer has not ______ yet. If there are cancer cells in that lymph node then they can decide to remove more lymph nodes to see if it has spread.

A

Metastasized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If a woman has breast cancer and there is lymph nodes that drain from that breast; if there is a cancer cell that breaks off from the tumor it is going to go first into the lymph cells and into one of the lymph nodes and that lymph node is called the _____ node and during surgery if they decide to remove the lump and they can also remove the cause of the spread.

A

Sentinel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cancer cells will lodge first in lymph draining site. Once the cancer cells get in to lymph system they can do what four things?

A
  1. Die
  2. Grow into a mass
  3. Lie dormant
  4. Survivors may enter blood stream and those blood borne cancer cells follow the blood circulation.

Study Tip: What is Transferrin? It is a globulin that is found in the lungs that helps with the iron supply of tumors and we don’t need to know this but thought it should be mentioned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In this patient you see that cancer has gotten into the actual airway, it has gotten into the respiratory system, connective tissue and some cells have gotten into the blood are now going to travel to other sites.
This is what phase of metastasis?

A

Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In this patient you see that that the cancer cells have become a tumor and tumor is defined by how big it is. Tumor classification is based on size. The cells have multiplied and it is going down more into the connective tissue.
This is what phase of metastasis?

A

Tumor Formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lungs have an affinity to metastasize to the ________, ________, and ________.

A

Bone
Adrenals
Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

________ metastasis means that the cancers have preferred sites that they spread to in the body.

A

Preferential

Study Tip: Lungs have an affinity to metastasizing to the adrenals and brain. If were to go biopsy the tumor on the adrenal gland what kind of cell is it going to look like? It is going to look like a lung cell; we are going to say well, lung cells don’t belong on the adrenal gland so this must be a metastasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sometimes metastasis is how they find the primary site. The primary site means the site of _________ of the cancer.

A

origination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuroblastomas have an affinity to metastasize to the _______ and _______.

A

liver and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The _______, _______, and ________ are popular sites for cancer metastasis.

A

lungs, liver and bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When kidney cancer metastasizes to the lungs the patient may not have gone to the doctor with any problems with their lungs but after metastasis they are having trouble breathing, they are coughing up blood, then they find a mass in the lung, they biopsy the mass and the pathologist says that the lung cells look like kidney cells so then we have a ______ of renal cancer with a metastasis as secondary malignancy in the lungs.

A

primary site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Industrial chemicals, drugs, tobacco; all are considered chemical carcinogens
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Environmental: Chemical carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prostate cancer likes to metastasize to _____ so if you have a patient with prostate cancer, now they are complaining of hip pain, back pain, one of the things that you will have to consider is a metastasis is occurring.

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

HPV, Epstein Barr, and Hep B.

Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Environmental: Viral carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Colon cancers have an affinity to metastasize to the ______.

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In cancer you have all of these cells that are growing, growing and growing where a normal cell is going to be graceful and die when it should > __________. A malignant cell isn’t going to do that and there is going to be more and more abnormal cancer cells entering the cell cycle.

A

Apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Ionizing radiation: type of radiation that you would get in a chest x-ray or therapeutic x-rays.
  2. UV radiation: caused by the sun, germicidal lights and tanning beds.
  3. Physical irritation and trauma: There are patient’s who have trauma to a place and they develop a cancer there. Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
A

Environmental: Physical carcinogens
Study Tip: Ex. GERD: if it is not treated they have all that acid that is refluxing up into their esophagus, that delicate tissue cannot tolerate that acidic pH so the cells erode, and over time they might change or mutate into cells that look like colon cells, and those have a potential of becoming cancerous so that is an example of tissue trauma r/t chronic irritation that can lead to cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

They cling on to the side of the blood vessel and they will migrate out of the blood vessel and find a favorable place that they like to stay forever and then they secrete more of those enzymes that degrade tissue and make a passage way for themselves into the surrounding tissue and there they grow into the secondary tissue. The tumors secrete_________ factors that enable them to create new blood vessels so they will have their own blood supply and once they are there they grow; and a lot of times you will hear that cancer cells cell cycle is more rapid, it is not that they go through the cell cycle any more quickly but they don’t die on schedule.

A

Angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Preservatives, contaminants, additives, and nitrates found in all have a link to cancer.
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Nutrition / Dietary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

As you get older you are more likely to develop cancer.

Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Patients with HIV/AIDS are susceptible to cancers that most people would never ever get.
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?

A

Decreased immune function of the organism.

28
Q

6,000,000 chemicals that have been identified and less than

A

carcinogenicity

Study Tip: 2 % – 4 % of cancers are caused by occupational chemicals found in the workplace. Many cancers are associated with lifestyle. Many elements are dietary.

29
Q

Usually the carcinogenicity of something is ________ this means the higher the amount of the chemical that you ingest the more likely it is to cause cancer.

A

dose dependent

30
Q

A few years ago there was this popcorn making plant in the Midwest where they noticed a lot of the employees were developing lung cancer; and they determined that they were ______ in the butter flavoring that they put on the microwaved popcorn; you don’t need to stop eating butter flavored popcorn, they determined that in the processing these workers were inhaling it into their lungs and that it became an irritant in their lungs; it is still safe to eat as far as the professor knows.

A

breathing

31
Q

Type of cancer that develops with radiation depends on the dose, gender and age of victim.There is a _____link between sunlight & cancer has developed more over the last 100 years.

A

strong

32
Q

Right now we are thinking of _________ a lot because what is happening in Japan and all the nuclear power plants and they are finding radiation in the surrounding areas and they are finding it in some crops that are some distance away from where those nuclear plants were having some problems so that is something that we certainly want to keep an eye on in the future.

A

Radiation

33
Q

______ is a radioactive substance that is found in soil and rocks. It is linked to lung cancer and there has been some concern about it being present in your house so it’s a good idea to open your windows daily to air out your house because the radon will leave your house just by doing that.

A

Radon

34
Q

Early 1900s viruses linked to some forms of cancer are called oncogenic cancers they are particularly ________ and _______.

A

leukemia
lymphoma

Study Tip: These diseases cause mutations in the pro-oncogenes and the tumor suppressor genes allowing unrestricted cellular proliferation.

35
Q

Herpes simplex virus and HPV aka Human Papilloma Virus are both associated with ______cancer.

A

Cervical

36
Q

In the patient you see that they have a few cancer cells in the lung, those epithelial cells as you remember are exposed to the environment, so we have those cancer cells that are embedded into those epithelial cells, and you see muscle tissue, lymph vessel, and connective tissue. This is what phase of metastasis?

A

Cancer Formation

37
Q

________ and ________ are viruses that are associated with the oncogenic formation of cancer.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

Hep B virus

38
Q

Approximately 50% of cancers are caused by _______ pre-disposition.

A

Genetic

39
Q

Cancer is found in:
_____ of people with one affected first degree relative
_____ of people with two affected family members
_____ of people with three affected family members

A

10%
15%
30%

40
Q

T-cells can recognize cancer cells, and destroy them.

There is something that is called the ________.

A

Immune Surveillance Hypothesis

41
Q

The immune surveillance hypothesis states that the immune system plays a central role in resistance against the development of tumors. There are certain cancers associated with _______ or _______ of the surveillance capacity of the immune system. Ex. This is commonly seen in H.I.V. patients.

A

Impairment or Decline

42
Q

______ are important in finding and ridding your body of cancer molecules.
Cancer incidence increases in _______ individuals.
Most tumor cells secrete hormones that can be recognized by immune system so it signals your immune system that there is an intruder and the body says here is an abnormal cell let’s destroy it. When immune system doesn’t function cancer cells overrun the defense systems and metastasize.

A

T-cells

Immunodeficient

43
Q

Cancer replaces _____, however not all of them can be replaced. Cancer disrupts tissue integrity causing blood vessels to be compressed and erodes the blood vessels leading to bleeding. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer.

A

normal tissue

44
Q

What is one of the warning signs of cancer?

A

Bleeding
IMPORTANT: When a patient has unexplained bleeding like a woman who is bleeding after the age of menopause, coughing up blood, anything like that is related to blood is a warning sign and that should certainly be checked out by a physician.

45
Q

Cancer cells produce toxins and enzymes that destroys surrounding tissues so if you have a ______ or a _______ that doesn’t heal and it gets worse and worse or fails to heal that is a warning sign and should be checked out. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer.

A

Wound

Sore

46
Q

Cancer does not respect boundaries so if we have a cancer in the abdomen it can spread and cause a ________, if it is in the lung it can cause _________ and often times in later stages this is what is responsible for the symptom of _______. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer.

A

bowel obstruction
pleural effusion
pain

47
Q

Abnormalities in energy and nutrient regulation resulting in_______ which cannot be totally blamed on poor food intake. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer.

A

cachexia

48
Q

Many cancers are associated with normal weight loss, wasting of body fat, and also loss of lean muscle and when we see someone that is very emaciated almost like skin and bones, we say that person is ________. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer. This is a warning sign that your patient has cancer.

A

cachectic

49
Q

When you have a patient that is just bones with skin covering them and it cannot be explained in terms of decreased food intake alone, there is something else that is goes on. This is possibly caused by enzymes the tumors have released as a substance that enhances ________. When the organism dies the cancer is going to die too.

A

muscle wasting

50
Q

There are a lot of things that go on with cancer to cause a decrease in food intake, there’s nausea, pain, some of the treatments can alter their sense of taste and smell, but even after knowing all of those things there is something that is going on with cancer that we don’t quite know about that causes _______.

A

cachexia

51
Q

The bone manufactures blood cells so someone with this effect of cancer can have something call pancytopenia which means they will have a decrease in all of their blood cell numbers this includes the RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets; This will make the patient anemic, prone to infection, and prone to bleeding.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

Bone marrow suppression

52
Q

The patient is at risk for bleeding, clotting, DVT’s, and pulmonary embolisms.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

Activation of coagulation system increasing clotting factors in the blood.

53
Q

This is going to wreak havoc with their fluid and electrolyte balance.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

SIADH

54
Q

Because of this the patient is going to have poor wound healing, hyperglycemia will just increase the delay in wound healing.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

55
Q

This is something that happens and it can be an very ominous sign, and it is not known if this is caused because of its advancing disease or if there is something else going on, but it is a very grave prognosis when they get this lab value result.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: This can be FATAL.

56
Q

50% die within a month
75% within 3 months
10-30% is a year
so this is something that we watch closely for and again if we don’t know if it is because their disease is advancing or if there is something else going on to creates that this lab value. This is BAD SIGN it can be fatal or at the time it is diagnosed it decreases their life expectancy dramatically.
This is what effect on the body that is caused by cancer?

A

Hypercalcemia

Study Tip: This can be FATAL.

57
Q

There is only one known human retrovirus associated with cancer what is it called?

A

HTLV-1 > Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus -1

Study Tip: This is an FYI

58
Q

The goal of cancer cells when they are moving through the tissue is to access the blood system because they want to get into the blood so they can travel to their preferred site, once they are in the blood stream, the danger is not passed, there are immune cells that are floating around in the blood your WBC’s specifically your _________, that want to destroy the cancer cells in the blood and a lot of cancer cells will put out signals specifically secreting enzymes and hormones that they are present in the body that alerts the immune system and the immune system is geared up to detect that signal and destroy those cells. If that _______ doesn’t work, maybe it is someone who is immunocompromised then they survive the trip in the blood stream.

A

T-Lymphocytes

Defense Mechanism

59
Q

______ occurs via lymph, blood vessels because the lymph vessels drain into body sites.

A

Metastasis

59
Q

Some sites rare for cancer to metastasize to include the _______, _______, and ________ muscles.

A

Skin
Heart
Skeletal

59
Q

Breast cancers have an affinity to metastasize to _______, _______, ________, and _________.

A

bone
lungs
liver
brain

60
Q

What is the importance of genetic mutations BRCA1 and BRCA2?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2 AKA BReast CAncer genes 1 and 2 are the best-known genes linked to breast cancer. People who have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have a greatly increased risk of breast cancer in both genders and ovarian cancer in women.