Ready To Study: The Cancer Patient Part 1 [II of II] Flashcards
This type of tumor is usually surrounded by a capsule.
This is what route of cancer malignancy invasion and metastasis?
Benign spread by expansion.
Some families are more prone to cancer.
Which factor affecting Cancer Development is this?
Genetics
Development of a secondary tumor at a distant location.
This is what route of cancer malignancy invasion and metastasis?
Metastasis
If there are no cancer cells in the lymph node then we know the cancer has not ______ yet. If there are cancer cells in that lymph node then they can decide to remove more lymph nodes to see if it has spread.
Metastasized
If a woman has breast cancer and there is lymph nodes that drain from that breast; if there is a cancer cell that breaks off from the tumor it is going to go first into the lymph cells and into one of the lymph nodes and that lymph node is called the _____ node and during surgery if they decide to remove the lump and they can also remove the cause of the spread.
Sentinel
Cancer cells will lodge first in lymph draining site. Once the cancer cells get in to lymph system they can do what four things?
- Die
- Grow into a mass
- Lie dormant
- Survivors may enter blood stream and those blood borne cancer cells follow the blood circulation.
Study Tip: What is Transferrin? It is a globulin that is found in the lungs that helps with the iron supply of tumors and we don’t need to know this but thought it should be mentioned.
In this patient you see that cancer has gotten into the actual airway, it has gotten into the respiratory system, connective tissue and some cells have gotten into the blood are now going to travel to other sites.
This is what phase of metastasis?
Metastasis
In this patient you see that that the cancer cells have become a tumor and tumor is defined by how big it is. Tumor classification is based on size. The cells have multiplied and it is going down more into the connective tissue.
This is what phase of metastasis?
Tumor Formation
Lungs have an affinity to metastasize to the ________, ________, and ________.
Bone
Adrenals
Brain
________ metastasis means that the cancers have preferred sites that they spread to in the body.
Preferential
Study Tip: Lungs have an affinity to metastasizing to the adrenals and brain. If were to go biopsy the tumor on the adrenal gland what kind of cell is it going to look like? It is going to look like a lung cell; we are going to say well, lung cells don’t belong on the adrenal gland so this must be a metastasis.
Sometimes metastasis is how they find the primary site. The primary site means the site of _________ of the cancer.
origination
Neuroblastomas have an affinity to metastasize to the _______ and _______.
liver and bone
The _______, _______, and ________ are popular sites for cancer metastasis.
lungs, liver and bones
When kidney cancer metastasizes to the lungs the patient may not have gone to the doctor with any problems with their lungs but after metastasis they are having trouble breathing, they are coughing up blood, then they find a mass in the lung, they biopsy the mass and the pathologist says that the lung cells look like kidney cells so then we have a ______ of renal cancer with a metastasis as secondary malignancy in the lungs.
primary site
Industrial chemicals, drugs, tobacco; all are considered chemical carcinogens
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
Environmental: Chemical carcinogens
Prostate cancer likes to metastasize to _____ so if you have a patient with prostate cancer, now they are complaining of hip pain, back pain, one of the things that you will have to consider is a metastasis is occurring.
Bone
HPV, Epstein Barr, and Hep B.
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
Environmental: Viral carcinogens
Colon cancers have an affinity to metastasize to the ______.
Liver
In cancer you have all of these cells that are growing, growing and growing where a normal cell is going to be graceful and die when it should > __________. A malignant cell isn’t going to do that and there is going to be more and more abnormal cancer cells entering the cell cycle.
Apoptosis
- Ionizing radiation: type of radiation that you would get in a chest x-ray or therapeutic x-rays.
- UV radiation: caused by the sun, germicidal lights and tanning beds.
- Physical irritation and trauma: There are patient’s who have trauma to a place and they develop a cancer there. Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
Environmental: Physical carcinogens
Study Tip: Ex. GERD: if it is not treated they have all that acid that is refluxing up into their esophagus, that delicate tissue cannot tolerate that acidic pH so the cells erode, and over time they might change or mutate into cells that look like colon cells, and those have a potential of becoming cancerous so that is an example of tissue trauma r/t chronic irritation that can lead to cancer.
They cling on to the side of the blood vessel and they will migrate out of the blood vessel and find a favorable place that they like to stay forever and then they secrete more of those enzymes that degrade tissue and make a passage way for themselves into the surrounding tissue and there they grow into the secondary tissue. The tumors secrete_________ factors that enable them to create new blood vessels so they will have their own blood supply and once they are there they grow; and a lot of times you will hear that cancer cells cell cycle is more rapid, it is not that they go through the cell cycle any more quickly but they don’t die on schedule.
Angiogenesis
Preservatives, contaminants, additives, and nitrates found in all have a link to cancer.
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
Nutrition / Dietary
As you get older you are more likely to develop cancer.
Which factor Affecting Cancer Development is this?
Age