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BIO 320 Immunology > Readings Ch 1, 2, 17 > Flashcards

Readings Ch 1, 2, 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Decreasing number of people who can harbor and spread infectious agent decreases chances that susceptible people will be infected

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2
Q

What is Antiserum?

A

antibody containing serum from a pathogen-exposed individual

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3
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immune protection of an individual or passed between individuals that isn’t generated by the person’s own immune response to a pathogen

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4
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Production of one’s own immunity

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5
Q

What is the active immune system subdivided into?

A

Humoral (fluid) immunity
-Involves B Lymphocytes

Cell-Mediated immunity is immunity imparted by specific cells
-Involves T Lymphocytes

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6
Q

What is a lymphocyte and what are the types?

A

Lymphocyte is cell type responsible for cellular and humoral immunity

T Lymphocytes (T cells) - derived from thymus

B Lymphocytes (B cells) - derived from bone marrow

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

General term for any substance that elicits a specific response by B or T Lymphocytes

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8
Q

What does a B Lymphocyte (B cell) do?

A

Humoral immunity

  • During innate response macrophages also present pathogenic antigens to B Cells
  • B Cell receptor binds specific antigen to BCR
  • B Cell calls helper T Cells that help the B cell differentiate into Plasma cells and Memory cells
  • Plasma cell produces specific antibodies for antigen of pathogen and flag them for destruction
  • Memory cells keep copy of antigen in case of reinfection
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9
Q

What does T Lymphocyte (T cell) do?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Helper T Cells do:
  • Help B Lymphocytes mature into Plasma Cells and Memory Cells by releasing Interleukins
  • Help turn T Cells into Cytotoxic T Cells which bind to infected cells and kill them
  • Help turn T Cells into their own memory T Cells
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10
Q

It is difficult to detect pathogens once they are in a cell (viruses). How do we do this?

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (Tc Cells)

-Recognition molecules posititioned inside cells that detect changes that occur upon infection

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11
Q

What are PAMPs and how are they recognized?

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern

  • General term for common structures that characterize whold groups of pathogens (bacterial, viral etc)
  • Non-specific, helps tailor immune response

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

  • specifically recognize these PAMPs
  • cause cascade to label pathogen for destruction
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12
Q

What is generation of diversity?

A

Rearrangement and editing of DNA for recognition molecules (PRR)

  • Creates many variants of recognition molecule that can hopefully catch the constantly evolving antigens on pathogens
  • Once it finds one it will make many copies and circulate through body
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13
Q

Generation of diversity creates possibility that a variant could attack the host. How do we avoid this?

A

Tolerance

  • Newly developing B and T cells must first pass a test of nonresponsiveness against host
  • Consequentially, immune system will ignore cancerous cells
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14
Q

What is the result of innate immunity?

A

Rapid Recognition and Phagocytosis

Destruction of pathogen

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15
Q

Why is adaptive immunity slower to respond?

A

Fewer cells possess the perfect receptor for the job

  • antigen specific randomly generated receptors on B and T cells
  • After encounter B and T cells undergo selection and proliferation
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16
Q

What is the goal of vaccination?

A

Development of specific and long-lived adaptive response (immunologic memory)

17
Q

How do innate and adaptive immune systems communicate?

A

Cytokines

-recruit or instruct cells and soluble proteins important for eradication of the pathogen from within infection site

18
Q

What are leukocytes and lymphocytes?

A

Leukocytes are blanket term for WBC’s

-Lymphocytes are 1 of 5 types of Leukocytes (WBC)

19
Q

What are the three most common instances of immune dysfunction?

A

Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune Disease
Immune Deficiency

20
Q

What is Hypersensitivity?

A

Overly zealous attacks on common benign but foreign antigens

21
Q

What is Autoimmune Disease?

A

Erroneous targeting of self proteins or tissues by immune cells

22
Q

What is Immune Deficiency?

A

Insufficiency of the immune response to protect agains infectious agents

23
Q

Coordination of a full immune response is made possible by specialized anatomy of the immune system. What are the two categories of organs?

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

  • Bone marrow and Thymus
  • Regulate development of immune cells

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

  • Spleen and Lymphnodes
  • Coordinate encounter of antigen with antigen-specific lymphocytes
  • Coordinate their development into effector and memory cells
24
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process by which Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate into mature cells

25
Q

What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells? What kind are HSC’s?

A

Embryonic stem cells
-can generate every specialized cell type in organism

Adult stem cells
-can generate any cell type that make up a specific tissue

HSC’s are adult stem cells b/c they can become any type of blood cell

26
Q

What are the types of leukocytes and what is the ~% of each found in human blood?

A 
Neutrophil    50-70%
Lymphocyte 20-40%
Monocyte     1-6%
Eosinophil    1-3%
Basophil       <1%
27
Q

During Hematopoiesis, what two types of progenitor cells can a Hematopoietic Stem Cell turn into? What can form out of each progenitor cell type?

A

HSC can turn into a Myeloid progenitor or a Lymphoid progenitor

Myeloid Progenitor
-Dendritic cell, Monocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

Lymphoid Progenitor
-Natural Killer Cells, B Cells, and T Cells

28
Q

Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response. Are they part of the innate or adaptive response and what are the types of granulocytes?

A

Part of the innate response

Types:

1) Neutrophils
2) Basophils
3) Mast Cells
4) Eosinophils

29
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

Granulocytes that are recruited to site of infection in response to inflammatory molecules (chemokines) and Phagocytose the bacteria.

30
Q

What are Basophils?

A

Non-phagocytic Granulocytes that secrete cytokines and release histamines (swelling/redness)

31
Q

What are Mast Cells?

A

Non-phagocytic Granulocyte like basophil. Secrete histamine. Important in development of allergies.

32
Q

What are Eosinophils?

A

Motile Phagocytic Granulocytes that migrate from blood into tissues. Most important against parasites (worms).

33
Q

What are Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)?

A

Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells

  • They are the bridge between innate and adaptive systems
  • Make contact with pathogen at infection site and communicate this encounter to T cells in Lymph node (presentation)
34
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

Migrate into tissues and differentiate into different phagocytic cells
-Inflammatory and patrolling monocytes

35
Q

What are Macrophages?

A

Type of Monocyte that migrates into tissues. Acts a phagocyte or can present antigens

36
Q

What are Dendritic Cells?

A

They capture antigen in one location and present it in another.
-Process these antigens and migrate to lymph nodes and present them to naive T cells, initiating the adaptive immune response

37
Q

What occurs when a naive Lymphocyte (B or T cell) encounters an antigen?

A

This induces the naive lymphocyte to proliferate and differentiate into memory and effector cells.

  • Memory cells persist in host and mediate a quicker response in future
  • Effector cells carry out specific jobs to combat pathogen
38
Q

What is a Natural Killer Cell?

A

Lymphoid cells closely related to B and T cells but without antigen specific receptors
-Attack and kill infected cells

BIO 320 Immunology (13 decks)

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