reading words Flashcards
recruited
принятый на работу
Charities such as Oxfam are always trying to recruit volunteers to help in their work.
Even young boys are now being recruited into the army.
prestigious
престижный (university , job)
patent
the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years:
estate
имущество:
She left her entire estate to her niece
vesting
a process giving employees the right to keep the shares, pension plans, etc. given to them by a company after working there for an agreed period:
(On) (in) behalf
(От) (для помоши им) имени:
On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
On behalf of my colleagues and myself I thank you.
We collected money in behalf of the homeless.
He saves in behalf of his son
contributions
пожертвование All contributions (= presents of money), no matter how small, will be much appreciated.
disillusion
разочарование
to disappoint someone by telling them the unpleasant truth about something or someone that they had a good opinion of or respected:
I hate to/I’m sorry to disillusion you, but pregnancy is not always wonderful - I was sick every day for six months
protest
возражение
Regardless of whether
Независимо от того,
Heparin should not be contaminated, regardless of whether or not that contamination caused acute adverse events.
tinge
to contain a slight amount of:
Her joy at the birth of her son was tinged with sadness that her father had not lived to see him.
smirk
to smile in a way that expresses satisfaction or pleasure about having done something, or knowing something that is not known by someone else:
mild
not violent, severe, or extreme:
She can’t accept even mild criticism of her work.
He has suffered a mild heart attack - nothing too serious.
roll your eyes
If you roll your eyes, you move them so that you are looking up, to show that you consider someone or something stupid or silly:
I just rolled my eyes as my dad told another one of his corny jokes.
wisdom
the ability to use your knowledge and experience to make good decisions and judgments:
I certainly hope to gain a little wisdom as I grow older
falling on deaf ears
be ignored:
Tragedy could have been prevented if the warnings hadn’t fallen on deaf ears.
strong-willed
сильный духом:
She’s very strong-willed and if she’s decided to drop out of school, nothing will stop her.
dropped out
to not do something that you were going to do, or to stop doing something before you have completely finished:
He dropped out of school when he was 16
dawn
To begin to be perceived or understood:
the truth finally dawned on us
2) : to begin to grow light as the sun rises
waited for the day to dawn
get with the times
zamondan qoma:
Get with the times, John, nobody wears their hat like that anymore!
wind up
to find yourself in an unexpected and usually unpleasant situation, especially as a result of what you do:
You don’t want to wind up homeless, do you?
tax
налог:
The government have promised that they’ll reduce taxes.
sorrow
печаль:
The sorrows of her earlier years gave way to joy in later life.
ruthlessly
безжалостно:
not thinking or worrying about any pain caused to others;
Some people believe that to succeed in this world you have to be ruthless.
disastrous
extremely bad or unsuccessful:
This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy.
let alone
не говоря уже:
Some people never even read a newspaper, let alone a book.
compound
to make a problem or difficult situation worse:
His financial problems were compounded when he unexpectedly lost his job.
gate
darvoza:
All passengers for flight LH103 please proceed to gate 16.
twist
поворот:
She twisted her head (round) so she could see what was happening.
2) If you twist a part of your body, such as your ankle, you injure it by suddenly turning it:
She slipped on the ice and twisted her knee.
Wrecked
разрушенный:
Many ships are wrecked and the sailors are drowned.
Inject (poison)
впрыскивать:
Phil’s a diabetic and has to inject himself with insulin every day.
Excel
превосходить других:
to be extremely good at something:
Rebecca always excelled in languages at school.
excel yourself:
to do something better than you usually do:
The British team have excelled themselves this year to reach the finals.
Tale
сказка:
He told some fascinating tales about his life in India.
Stab
to injure someone with a sharp pointed object such as a knife:
She was stabbed several times in the chest.
He was jailed for 15 years for stabbing his wife to death.
Bliss
perfect happiness:
Lying on a sunny beach is my idea of sheer bliss.
Bundle of
Someone who is very nervous, anxious, or uneasy.
I was a bundle of nerves before the driving test started.
Vital
жизненно важно
It’s absolutely vital that you do exactly as I say
Dedicate
C1
to give all of your energy, time, etc.:
He has dedicated his life to scientific research.
proficiency
умение:
Candidates must be able to demonstrate a high level of proficiency in both languages.
Arguably
If something is arguable, there could be some disagreement about it:
It is arguable which way is quicker.
2) it is possibly true that:
It is arguable that the government has failed in this respect.
Disguise
маскировать
to give a new appearance to a person or thing, especially in order to hide its true form:
He disguised himself by wearing a false beard.
2 ) to hide an opinion, a feeling, etc.:
I couldn’t disguise my disappointment.
Affair
дело
a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered:
She organizes her financial affairs very effic
Affluent
состоятельные, богатые:
Playing golf used to be commoner among affluent people.
(3) He is an affluent man.
Dice
Narda toshi:
You roll/throw the dice and whoever gets the highest score goes first.
Disturb
to interrupt what someone is doing:
Please don’t disturb your sister - she’s trying to do her homework.
Feature
Fishka, osobennost:
The town’s main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace.
Our latest model of phone has several new features.
Transaction
торговая операция:
an occasion when someone buys or sells something:
Users can now make financial transactions in euros
Attorney
юрист:
a lawyer:
Mr Temple is the attorney representing the plaintiffs.
Savvy
practical knowledge and ability:
She’s very intelligent, but hasn’t got much savvy.
Antiquated
устаревший:
It will take many years to modernize these antiquated industries.
annihilation
уничтожение:
Ninety-four percent of the nation’s Jews died in the Holocaust; only about 15,000 escaped annihilation.
interchangeable
взаимозаменяемый:
very part on the new models is interchangeable with those on the original.
strangers
someone you do not know:
My mother always warned me not to talk to strangers
skip
пропускать:
to move lightly and quickly, making a small jump after each step:
If I skip my coffee, I get cranky.
spread out
If people spread out, they move from being close together in a group to being in different places across a larger area:
They spread out to search the whole area.
wing
qanot:
Cut each chicken wing into 2 pieces at the joint.
shuttlecock
badminton koptogi
amused
довольный
I’ve brought an article from yesterday’s paper that I thought might amuse you.
We amused ourselves by watching the passers-by
ashamed
feeling guilty or embarrassed about something you have done or about a quality in your character,
стыдно:
He was ashamed to admit to his mistake.
delighted
восхищенный:
(something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction, or happiness:
My sister’s little boy is a real delight.
I read your letter with great delight.
embarrass
to cause someone to feel nervous, worried, or uncomfortable:
You’re embarrassing him with your compliments!
I didn’t want to embarrass her in front of her friends.
jealous
upset and angry because someone that you love seems interested in another person:
Anna says she feels jealous every time another woman looks at her boyfriend.
2) unhappy and angry because someone has something that you want:
He had always been very jealous of his brother’s good looks.
miserable
несчастный unpleasant
The forecast is for miserable weather today.:
lay off
увольнять:
The recent economic crisis has led to massive layoffs.
2) a period when someone is not working or playing sport:
Foster is playing again after a six-week layoff due to injury.
consolidate
to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain:
She hoped that marriage would consolidate their relationship
fair
справедливый:
“In order to be fair to everyone,” Jeff had said to Melnikov,
assume
to accept something to be true without question or proof: I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school. 2) to pretend to have a different name or be someone you are not, or to express a feeling falsely: Moving to a different town, he assumed a false name.
sophisticated
developed to a high degree of complexity.
“highly sophisticated computer systems”
2)
averse
strongly disliking or opposed to:
He seems to be averse to strenuous exercise.
Few people are averse to the idea of a free holiday.
(have) merit
(имеют свои плюсы) Dostoinstva:
Her ideas have merit.
Brierley’s book has the merit of being both informative and readable.
bay
бухта:
We sailed into a beautiful, secluded bay.
intimidating,daunting
пугающий:
She can be very intimidating when she’s angry.
rash
careless or unwise,
without thought for what might happen or result:
That was a rash decision - you didn’t think about the costs involved.
I think it was a bit rash of them to get married when they’d only known each other for a few weeks.
make way
уступить дорогу:
We ask that everyone please make way for me
yell
кричать:
Just get out of here!” she yelled
sail (to)
парус (плыть):
The ship was sailing to China.
expounds
to give a detailed explanation of something:
He’s always expounding on what’s wrong with the world.
This mode will be expounded more clearly later when gravity is taken into account.
forge
to make an illegal copy of something in order to deceive:
a forged passport
a forged signature
temirga qaynatib shakil berish
perilous
extremely dangerous:
The country roads are quite perilous.
alliance
an agreement to work with someone else to try to achieve the same thing:
The three smaller parties have forged/formed an alliance against the government.
immortal
бессмертный
pour
наливать:
Would you like me to pour you some more juice?
cruelty
безжалостность:
The farmer was accused of cruelty to animals.
malice
the wish to harm or upset other people:
There certainly wasn’t any malice in her comments.
rascal
a person, especially a child or a man, who does things that you disapprove of, but who you still like:
I caught those little/young rascals dressing up in my clothes.
magnificent
великолепный:
The view from the top of the mountain is magnificent.
turn up
If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned:
Don’t worry about it - something will turn up, you’ll see.
This job turned up just when I needed it.
2) If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly:
The missing letter eventually turned up inside a book.
3) to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned:
Do you think many people will turn up?
take to
to start doing something often:
She was so depressed she took to drink.
2) to start to use or do something as a habit:
She’s taken to walking along the beach after work.
pore over
to look at and study something, usually a book or document, carefully:
She spends her evenings poring over textbooks.
up to (sth)
doing (something that might be bad or illegal), often secretly:
When it’s so quiet, I think the kids are up to something.
2) less than or equal to, but not more than, a stated value, number, level, or time:
You have up to ten minutes.
nudge
подталкивать локтем:
The children were giggling and nudging each other
lousy
very bad:
a lousy book
I had a lousy weekend.
I feel lousy - I’m going home.
seduce
соблазнять:
1) to persuade or cause someone to do something that they would not usually consider doing by being very attractive and difficult to refuse:
I wouldn’t normally stay in a hotel like this, but I was seduced by the fabulous location.
They were seduced into buying the washing machine by the offer of a free flight.
2) to persuade or trick someone into doing something by making it very attractive:
Nowadays you have to seduce students into learning through colorful graphics or exciting adventure themes.
3) If you are seduced by something, you like it because it seems attractive:
Almost every visitor to Edinburgh is seduced by its splendid architecture
exposure
воздействие;
She gradually became deaf after lengthy exposure to noise in the workplace
superfluous
излишний
I think that “regardless of whether or not” is not only awkward, but twice superfluous
contaminate
to make something less pure or make it poisonous:
Much of the coast has been contaminated by nuclear waste.
acute
If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage:
The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas.
adverse
having a negative or harmful effect on something:
The match has been cancelled because of adverse weather conditions.
quarrel
janjal:
We have no quarrel with the people of your country (= we have no reason to disagree with or dislike them).
patch up
C2
to try to improve a relationship after there have been problems:
They seem to have patched up their quarrel (= finished their disagreement and started to be friendly).
lap
son:
Come and sit on my lap and I’ll read you a story
proceeding
to continue as planned:
His lawyers have decided not to proceed with the case.
Preparations for the festival are now proceeding smoothly.
2) to do something after you have done something else:
She sat down and proceeded to tell me about her skiing holiday.
3)
to move forward or travel in a particular direction:
Passengers for Madrid should proceed to gate 26 for boarding.
bundle of joy
a baby:
Three days after the birth, Paul and Sandra took their precious bundle of joy home.
ad
объявление:
The job ad said they wanted proficiency in at least two languages
meddling
the act of trying to change or have an influence on things that are not your responsibility, especially by criticizing in a damaging or annoying way:
He’s always meddling in (= trying to influence) other people’s affairs
afford
to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time:
I don’t know how he can afford a new car on his salary.
mosque
a building for Islamic religious activities and worship
marketplace
- базарная площадь
- рыночная площадь:
It’s essential that we maintain our position in the marketplace (= keep our share of business activity).
innocence
the fact that someone is not guilty of a crime:
She pleaded her innocence, but no one believed her.
He was led away, protesting his innocence (= saying he was not guilty).
dazzle
to cause someone to feel strong admiration of something or someone:
He was dazzled by Rome’s architectural treasures.
she was dazzled by his wit
2) to overpower with light:
He was dazzled by the camera flash
Jews
еврей:
Ninety-four percent of the nation’s Jews died in the Holocaust; only about 15,000 escaped annihilation.
abuse
злоупотребит
to use something for the wrong purpose in a way that is harmful or morally wrong:
If you abuse your body now, you’ll pay the price when you’re older.
cranky
easily annoyed or upset:
a cranky baby
He’s been cranky all day.
joint
belonging to or shared between two or more people:
the play was a joint production of two companies
thoroughly
completely, very much:
I thoroughly enjoyed the performance.
trial
a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable something or someone is:
They’re doing clinical trials on a new drug.
celebrity
someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business:
The magazine is all about the lives of celebrities
strenuous
needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort or energy:
He rarely does anything more strenuous than changing the channels on the television.
secluded
quiet, private, and not near people, roads, or buildings:
a secluded beach
a secluded house in the forest
make your way
C2
to be successful and make progress in your life and work:
He will teach you how to build a career and make your way in the world.
take sth into account
to consider or remember something when judging a situation:
I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper.
leather
animal skin treated in order to preserve it, and used to make shoes, bags, clothes, equipment, etc.:
Have you seen Chrissie’s new leather jacket
preserve
to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed:
to preserve the environment
sane
having a healthy mind and not mentally ill:
In the doctor’s opinion he was sane at the time of the murder.
The only thing which keeps me sane after a hard day in the office is jogging!
spill
to’kvormoq:
He spilled coffee on my silk shirt.
absorb
very interested in something and not paying attention to anything else:
Simon was so absorbed in his book that he didn’t even notice me come in
giggling
to laugh repeatedly in a quiet but uncontrolled way, often at something silly or rude or when you are nervous:
Stop that giggling in the back row!
plead
умолять:
I will not plead for mercy.
kidnapper
someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them:
His kidnappers released him without any conditions.
Her kidnappers demanded a $150,000 ransom.
ransom
a large amount of money that is demanded in exchange for someone who has been taken prisoner, or sometimes for an animal:
They demanded a huge ransom for the return of the little girl whom they had kidnapped.
lead away
увел, отвел:
to direct or guide someone or something away from someone or something:
The officer led the victim’s wife away from the accident. The trainer led away the dog from the other animals.
chase
to hurry after someone or something in order to catch him, her, or it:
The police car was going so fast, it must have been chasing someone.
snatch
похищать:
to take hold of something suddenly and roughly:
He snatched the photos out of my hand before I had a chance to look at them.
consent
C1
permission or agreement:
They can’t publish your name without your consent.
You can only come on the trip if your parents give their consent.
owe
to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you, or in exchange for something they have done for you:
you still owe me £150.
2) C2
to have success, happiness, a job, etc. only because of what someone has given you or done for you or because of your own efforts:
I owe my success to my education.
He owes his life to the staff at the hospital
sort out
to deal successfully with a problem, a situation, or a person who is having difficulties:
We’ve sorted out the computer system’s initial problems.
elude
formal
If something that you want eludes you, you do not succeed in achieving it:
Unfortunately, the thief managed to elude me
The gold medal continues to elude her.
They had minor breakthroughs but real success eluded them.
breakthrough
an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem:
Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
Biological research has often been a precursor to medical breakthroughs which benefit patients.
an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem:
breakthrough in sth The development of digital imagery was a breakthrough in computer technology.
precursor
something that exists before something else, and is related to it or influences its development
Were these small movements the precursor to a major earthquake?
entitle
to give someone the right to do or have something:
Being unemployed entitles you to free medical treatment.
Children and the elderly are entitled to cheap train tickets.
come across
to behave in a way that makes people believe that you have a particular characteristic:
She comes across really well (= creates a positive image) on television.
He comes across as a bit of a bore in interview.
2) C2
If an idea or emotion comes across in writing, film, music, or when someone is speaking, it is expressed clearly and people notice it:
What comes across in his later poetry is a great sense of sadness
3) to find something by chance:
We came across a lovely little restaurant in the village.
chargeback
a request for money spent on a credit card or debit card to be paid back to the customer by the seller:
You should have immediately requested a chargeback from the bank when the goods were found to have been faulty.
faulty
not working correctly, or not correct:
His arguments were based on faulty reasoning.
dispute
an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border:
They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions
settle down
to become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident in it:
She quickly settled down in her new house/job/school.
2) to become quieter:
OK, everybody, settle down.
pot vs pan
Qozon:
any of various types of container, usually round, especially one used for cooking food:
Fill a large pot with salted water and bring it to the boil
teapot , fork
choynak , filka
lid , flip-top lid, lift-off lid
qopqoq ,tepaga ketchupdaga ochiladigan qopqoq, bir-biriga ulanmagan chocolate korapkadaka :
a cover on a container, that can be lifted up or removed:
Can you get the lid off this jar
rim
the outer, often curved or circular, edge of something:
The rim of the cup was chipped and broken.
chipped
with a small piece or pieces broken off:
a chipped glass
flip
If you flip something, you turn it over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly:
I flipped the book (over) to look at the back cover.
I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind.
The captains flipped a coin into the air (= made it turn over in the air to see which side it landed on) to decide which side would bat first.
overflow
overflow
When a liquid overflows, it flows over the edges of a container, etc. because there is too much of it:
The milk overflowed when I poured it into the jug.
jug
grafin:
This jug holds exactly one pint.
manually
by hand:
Few of the machines are operated manually.
tricky
If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skill:
It’s tricky to learn to ride a skateboard, but you never forget how.
I’m in a tricky situation - whatever I do I’ll offend someone.
2) likely to deceive people:
He’s a tricky one.
offend
to make someone upset or angry:
[ + that ] I think she was offended that she hadn’t been invited to th
nuisance
something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for you:
I’ve forgotten my umbrella - what a nuisance!
[ + -ing verb ] It’s such a nuisance having to rewrite those letters.
I hate to be a nuisance, but could you help me
priority
something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things:
The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority.
The president vowed to make education one of his top priorities
ladder
Narvon:
She was up a ladder, cleaning the window.
Getting up the ladder was easy enough - it was coming down that was the problem.
assessment
оценка :
the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made:
Would you say that is a fair assessment of the situation?
premises
the land and buildings owned by someone, especially by a company or organization:
The company is relocating to new premises.
There is no smoking allowed anywhere on school premises.
The ice cream is made on the premises (= in the building where it is sold).
The business moved to premises in Brompton Road
premise
to base a theory, argument, etc. on an idea, thought, or belief:
He premised his argument on several incorrect assumptions.
2) теория:
A premise is something that you suppose is true and that you use as a basis for developing an idea.
[formal]
The premise is that schools will work harder to improve if they must compete.
The programme started from the premise that men and women are on equal terms in this society.
assumptions
something that you accept as true without question or proof:
People tend to make assumptions about you when you have a disability.
The assumptions made about the economy’s rate of growth proved to be incorrect.
carry out
to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do:
Dr Carter is carrying out research on early Christian art.
The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what’s wrong with her.
Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
potential
possible when the necessary conditions exist:
A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company.
Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying
2) someone’s or something’s ability to develop, achieve, or succeed:
The region has enormous potential for economic development.
I don’t feel I’m achieving my full potential in my present job.
[ + to infinitive ] You have the potential to reach the top of your profession.
precautions
an action that is done to prevent something unpleasant or dangerous happening:
Many people have been stockpiling food as a precaution against shortages.
They failed to take the necessary precautions to avoid infection.
stockpiling
накопление запасов:
the practice of storing a large supply of something for future use:
Increasing instability is encouraging stockpiling.
Why is there this stockpiling of arms and ammunition?
Food stores have begun rationing sales of rice to prevent stockpiling by customers.
shortage
a situation in which there is not enough of something:
There’s a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps.
The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages
implement
to start using a plan or system:
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.
onsite
available or happening in the place where people work, rather than somewhere else:
There are several onsite facilities such as a gym and restaurant for staff to enjoy.
staff
the group of people who work for an organization:
There is a good relationship between staff and pupils at the school.
The staff are not very happy about the latest pay increase.
There are over a hundred staff in the company.
eliminate
C1
to remove or take away someone or something:
A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.
We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.
expose
to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen:
The plaster on the walls has been removed to expose the original bricks underneath.
He damaged his leg so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed.
уязвим 2) having no protection from bad weather: The house is in a very exposed position.
3) if a person or organization is exposed, they risk losing money:
The bank was heavily exposed due to the high number of high-risk mortgages it held.
erect
to build a building, wall, or other structure:
The war memorial was erected in 1950.
The soldiers had erected barricades to protect themselves.
scaffold (ing)
ustala birbiriga ulaab chiqadigan to’rt oyoqli temir:
Scaffolding has been erected around the tower and repair work will start next week.
inspection
the act of looking at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is correct and legal:
Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
She arrived to carry out/make a health and safety inspection of the building.
legitimate
reasonable and acceptable:
He claimed that the restaurant bill was a legitimate business expense.
eligibility
the fact of having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions:
I’ll have to check her eligibility to take part.
The eligibility rules prevent under-18s being in the team.
qualify
to have the legal right to have or do something because of the situation you are in, or to cause someone to have such a right:
She doesn’t qualify for maternity leave because she hasn’t been in her job long enough.
To qualify for the competition you need to be over 18.
2) to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.:
She hopes to qualify (as a lawyer) at the end of the year.
[ + obj + to infinitive ] This course qualifies you to teach in any secondary school.
your baby is due in february
ваш ребенок должен родиться в феврале
spark
iskra:
Sparks were flying out of the bonfire and blowing everywhere.
2) a first small event or problem that causes a much worse situation to develop:
That small incident was the spark that set off the street riots.
riot
an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest:
Food protests and riots have erupted in more than 30 countries.
to start suddenly and violently:
At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities.
to suddenly express your feelings in a noisy way:
The crowd erupted in applause and cheering.
carpenter
a person whose job is making and repairing wooden objects and structures:
A self-employed boat repairer and carpenter, he had difficulty getting a mortgage.
rush
to (cause to) go or do something very quickly:
I’ve been rushing (about/around) all day trying to get everything done.
When she turned it upside down the water rushed out.
[ + to infinitive ] We shouldn’t rush to blame them.
You can’t rush a job like this.
There’s always a rush to get the best seats.
gold rush
a situation in which a lot of people move to a place to try to find gold because they have heard that gold has been found there:
The big winners in the gold rush were those who supplied the miners with food, clothing and equipment.
flake
a small, thin piece of something, especially if it has come from a surface covered with a layer of something:
flakes of snow
soap flakes
This room needs decorating - flakes of paint keep coming off the walls.
guard
a person or group of people whose job is to protect a person, place, or thing from danger or attack, or to prevent a person such as a criminal from escaping:
prison guards
security guards
There are guards posted (= standing and watching) at every entrance.
witness
a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident:
Police are appealing for witnesses to the accident to come forward.
According to (eye) witnesses, the robbery was carried out by two teenage boys.
to see something happen:
She was witness to the tragic event.
mileage
the distance that a vehicle has travelled or the distance that it can travel using a particular amount of fuel:
“What’s the mileage on your car?” “Oh, about 40,000.”
Smaller cars have better mileage and so cost less to run
sawmills
a factory where trees are cut up into pieces with machines:
This period also witnessed an increase in railroad mileage as well as growth in such industries as timbering, sawmills, and cotton textile mills.
descent
the state or fact of being related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past:
She’s a woman of mixed/French descent.
They trace their line of descent back to a French duke.
arduous
difficult and tiring, or needing a great deal of effort:
In those days, a trip to the West was an arduous journey
leisure
the time when you are not working or doing other duties:
leisure activities
Most people only have a limited amount of leisure time.
The town lacks leisure facilities such as a swimming pool or squash courts.
pursuit
an activity that you spend time doing, usually when you are not working:
I enjoy outdoor pursuits, like hiking and riding.
I don’t have much opportunity for leisure pursuits these days.
2) the act of trying to achieve a plan, activity, or situation, usually over a long period of time:
the pursuit of happiness
The company is ruthless in its pursuit of profit.
we are in pursuit of (= trying to achieve) a ten percent pay increase.
shoulder
used to refer to the responsibility that someone has or feels for something:
A huge burden was lifted from my shoulders (= I became much less worried) when I told my parents about my problem.
Responsibility for the dispute rests squarely on the shoulders of the president.
burden
something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about:
the burden of responsibility
My elderly mother worries that she’s a burden to me.
Buying a house often places a large financial burden on young couples.
squarely
directly and with no doubt:
We have to face these issues squarely and honestly.
She punched him square on the jaw.
sprung up
to start to exist suddenly:
Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years.
bustling
If a place is bustling, it is full of busy activity:
This used to be a bustling town but a lot of people have moved away over recent years.
The house, usually bustling with activity, was strangely silent.
metropolis
a large city, esp. the main city of a country or region:
Chicago is a major metropolis.
As the world’s first great industrial metropolis, London was also one of the first to be badly polluted.
gravel
small, rounded stones, often mixed with sand:
a gravel path
shallow
неглубокий:
She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool).
stream
small river:
The stream was fairly shallow so we were able to walk across it.
swirl
to move quickly with a twisting, circular movement, or to make something do this:
The fog swirled thickly around us.
Swirl a little oil around the frying pan.
storage
the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future:
We’ve had to build some cupboards to give us more storage space
nugget
a small roughly shaped piece, especially of gold
a small piece of chicken or fish that has been covered in breadcrumbs and fried:
She won’t eat anything except chicken nuggets and pizza.
bucket , spade
chelek, lopatka
a tool used for digging especially soil or sand, with a long handle and a flat blade:
a garden spade
UK The kids took their buckets and spades to the beach.
rock
to (cause someone or something to) move backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way:
He picked up the baby and gently rocked her to sleep.
If you rock back on that chair, you’re going to break it.
2) If a person or place is rocked by something such as an explosion, the force of it makes the person or place shake:
The explosion, which rocked the city, killed 300
agitate
to make someone feel worried or angry:
I didn’t want to agitate her by telling her.
2) to shake a liquid:
Pour the powder into the solution and agitate it until the powder has dissolved
3) to argue forcefully, especially in public, in order to achieve a particular type of change:
The unions continue to agitate for higher pay.
sieve
Choy to’kadigan orasi teshik suv tusin shamala qoladigan narsa:
Pass the sauce through a sieve to remove any lumps.
lump
a piece of a solid substance, usually with no particular shape:
a lump of coal
a sugar lump
You don’t want lumps in the sauce.
heat
the quality of being hot or warm, or the temperature of something:
the heat of the sun/fire
How do you manage to work in this heat without air conditioning?
She always wore a coat, even in the heat of summer.
striking
very unusual or easily noticed, and therefore attracting a lot of attention:
She bears a striking resemblance to her mother.
There’s a striking contrast between what he does and what he says he does.
The library is a striking example of modern architecture.
2) more attractive than usual:
He’s good-looking, but he’s not as striking as his brother.
bear
to accept, tolerate, or endure something, especially something unpleasant:
It’s your decision - you have to bear the responsibility if things go wrong.
[ + to infinitive ] He couldn’t bear to see the dog in pain.
[ + -ing verb ] I can’t bear beinf bored
wage
a particular amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education:
a very low/high wage
an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage
He gets/earns/is paid a good wage, because he works for a fair employer.
level off
If a rate or amount levels off, it stops rising or falling and stays at the same level:
House prices now seem to be levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years.
Unemployment rose to ten percent and then levelled off.
convict
to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime:
He has twice been convicted of robbery/arson.
arson
the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building:
A cinema was burned out in north London last night. Police suspect arson.
convince
to persuade someone or make someone certain:
He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
[ + (that) ] It’s useless trying to convince her (that) she doesn’t need to lose any weight.
[ + to infinitive ] I hope this will convince you to change your mind.
influx
the arrival of a large number of people or things:
The town’s economy depends on the summer influx of tourists.
fault
a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame:
It’s not my fault she didn’t come!
She believes it was the doctor’s fault that Peter died.
novice
a person who is not experienced in a job or situation:
ˈnɒvɪs
I’ve never driven a car before - I’m a complete novice.
This plant can be difficult for novice gardeners to grow
The article is full of advice for the novice investor.
reset
to turn a piece of computer equipment off and then on again when it does not work correctly, to make it start working correctly again :
You can reset most routers by holding down the reset button for 30 seconds.
2) to change the details of something:
You may need to reset your password.
revenue
the income that a government or company receives regularly:
Taxes provide most of the government’s revenue.
Government revenues fell dramatically.
shrink
to become smaller, or to make something smaller:
Your sweater will shrink if you wash it at too high a temperature
His savings quickly shrank.
a contrast between shrinking revenue and increasing population.
recreational (activities)
connected with ways of enjoying yourself when you are not working:
recreational activities/facilities/interests
Recreational fishing is allowed on the river.
They provide recreational opportunities for all age groups.
be, get, keep, etc. in touch
to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by using a phone or writing to them:
Are you still in touch with any of your old school friends?
Jen and I never kept in touch after college.
We’re in close touch with our office in Spain.
socialize
to spend time when you are not working with friends or with other people in order to enjoy yourself:
I tend not to socialize with my colleagues.
I hope Adam’s actually doing some work at college - he seems to spend all his time socializing!
They’re content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
content
pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement:
He seems fairly content with (his) life.
They’re content to socialize with a very small circle of people.
I’d be content with a modest income.
He’s quite content living on his own.
I’m content to sit at the back.
ace
to do very well in an exam:
I was up all night studying, but it was worth it - I aced my chemistry final.
2) excellent:
He’s an ace basketball player.
That’s an ace bike you’ve got there.
assemble
to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group:
We assembled in the meeting room after lunch.
to assemble data
At the staff meeting, the manager told the assembled company (= everyone there) that no one would lose their job.
Over 50,000 people assembled in the main square.
suspend
to stop something from being active, either temporarily or permanently:
Service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather.
I’m suspending judgment (= not forming an opinion) on the book I’m reading until I’ve finished it.
He was suspended for four games after arguing with the referee.
startle
to do something unexpected that surprises and sometimes worries a person or animal:
She was concentrating on her book and his voice startled her.
The noise of the car startled the birds and the whole flock flew up into the air
strive
to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties:
I will strive to achieve individuality in every project we do.
I will strive to overcome these problems.
We must strive for the greatest authenticity possible.
This company will strive for excellence in service delivery.
superintendent
a person who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc., or who is responsible for keeping a building or place in good condition:
In the US, a school superintendent is in charge of the schools in a particular area.
We asked the superintendent (also US informal super) to fix the broken window in our apartment.
fetch
to go to another place to get something or someone and bring it, him, or her back:
Could you fetch me my glasses from the other room, please?
I have to fetch my mother from the station.
He fetches the children from school on Mondays and Fridays.
2) to be sold for a particular amount of money:
The paintings fetched over a million dollars.
The house didn’t fetch as much as she was hoping it would.
radical
relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme:
We need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures.
I’m just having my hair trimmed - nothing radical.
via
going through or stopping at a place on the way to another place:
The London-Addis flight goes via Rome.
Internet connection via broadband offers many advantages.
2) using a particular machine, system, or person to send or receive something:
Reports are coming in via satellite.
I only found out about it via my sister.
lie ahead
to be in the future: We don't know what lies ahead. You graduate today, and an exciting future lies ahead of you. Changes lie ahead that are beyond our reality
narrate
to tell a story, often by reading aloud from a text, or to describe events as they happen:
Documentaries are often narrated by well-known actors.
The children enjoyed the lively manner with which she narrated her life’s story.
substantial
large in size, value, or importance:
The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women.
She inherited a substantial fortune from her grandmother.
struggle
to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something:
The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose.
I’ve been struggling to understand this article all afternoon.
Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake.
bill
a request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is written:
an electricity/gas/phone bill
They sent us a bill for the work they had done.
She ran up (= caused herself to have) a huge phone bil
run up
to increase a debt by spending more:
He ran up huge bills on clothes.
The company has run up massive debts and now owes a staggering €850 million.
Bat , club
Bezboll dubinkasi,
Golf klushkadi
Cross out
Ochirib tashash
numeracy
ability to do basic mathematics:
statistics on the literacy and numeracy of twelve-year-olds.
Many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.
Six months later John had developed literacy and numeracy skills, plus confidence.
PE
physical education: On Friday mornings after play, Belle's class did PE. So everybody bar the PE teacher hated me playing football and everything they could do to stop me playing football they did.
retain
C2 formal
to keep or continue to have something:
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.
She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race.
bridge
most:
a structure that is built over a river, road, or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross from one side to the other:
We drove across/over the bridge.
the Brooklyn Bridge
something that makes it easier to make a change from one situation to another:
Part-time work can provide a bridge between staying at home and working full-time.
The island is joined to the mainland by a road bridge.
The children ran down the bank, over the bridge, and along the path.
plantation
plantation
an area of land in a hot country where a crop is grown
a banana / cotton/sugar plantation
an
area of land where trees are grown to produce wood
send off
an occasion when a group of people say goodbye to someone at the same time
проводы
I got a good send-off at the station.
2) to post something to someone
I must get the parcel sent off tomorrow.
fate
what happens to someone, especially when it is something bad
участь
His fate is now in the hands of the jury.
2) a power that some people believe decides what will happen
судьба
I believe it was fate that caused us to meet again.
a bolt of lightning
But the demands of success hit them like a bolt of lightning.
To me it was like a bolt of lightning out of a clear sky.
stockpile
to collect a lot of something, usually so that it can be used in the future
делать запас
to stockpile food
Do we have a stockpile of weapons?
People are stockpiling food for the coming winter.
We have a huge stockpile of drugs to tackle the virus - enough to treat half our population.
crumple
If something such as paper or cloth crumples, it becomes crushed, and if you crumple it, you crush it until it is full of folds.
buklash
мять(ся)
a crumpled shirt
raw material
any material, such as oil, cotton, or sugar in its natural condition, before it has been processed for use:
The cost of raw materials was going up.
catsup
ketchup
put my foot down.
to use your authority to stop something happening:
When she started borrowing my clothes without asking, I had to put my foot down.
The kids complained and complained when we refused to get a puppy, but we had to put our foot down.
As a manager, you have to put your foot down sometimes, or your staff will walk all over you.
2) to increase your speed when you are driving:
The road ahead was clear, so I put my foot down.
nurture
to take care of, feed, and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help him, her, or it to develop:
She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden.
As a record company executive, his job is to nurture young talent.
refute
to say or prove that something is not true or correct
опровергать
attempts to refute his theory
She angrily refuted their claims
It was the kind of rumour that is impossible to refute.
extricate
to get yourself out of a difficult situation or unpleasant place
выпутываться, выкарабкиваться
I didn’t know how to extricate myself from such an embarrassing situation.
he extricated himself from her grip.
betterment
improvement:
Several changes have been made for the betterment of the sport.
You should spend some time taking a personal inventory of what you’re doing for the betterment of society.
presence
the fact that someone or something is in a place:
She was overawed by the presence of so many people.
He’s usually quite polite in my presence.
a feeling that someone is still in a place although they are not there or are dead:
His daughter’s presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
feasible
able to be made, done, or achieved:
With the extra resources, the project now seems feasible.
2) possible, reasonable, or likely:
It’s no longer feasible to fund this research.
replete
full, especially with food:
After two helpings of dessert, Sergio was at last replete.
well-supplied:
This car has an engine replete with the latest technology.
catch up on
to give someone the latest news or information about something:
Can someone catch me up on the latest developments?
If you haven’t been watching the news for the last few days, you have a lot to catch up on.
Oh, please catch me up on what your family is doing.
I’m trying to catch up on work after being out sick, but my inbox alone might take all day!
squint
to partly close your eyes in order to see more clearly:
The sun was shining straight in her eyes and made her squint.
a big smile that pushes his eyes into a squint
If a person or an eye squints, the eye looks in a different direction to the other eye, because of a weakness of the eye muscles:
Lili’s left eye squinted slightly when she was tired.
shift
to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly: She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow.
(of an idea, opinion, etc.) to change:
Society’s attitudes towards women have shifted enormously over the last century.
Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issue
reverse
to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite:
The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company’s fortunes.
Now that you have a job and I don’t, our situations are reversed
readily
quickly and easily
легко, просто
Information is readily available on the Internet
willingly and without stopping to think
охотно, с готовностью
He readily admits to having problems himself.
vivid
Vivid descriptions or memories produce strong, clear images in your mind.
живой, яркий
He gave a very vivid description of life in Caracas.
I remember my first day at school very vividly.
coverage
the way a newspaper, television program, etc reports an event or subject
репортаж
There is live coverage of the game on cable TV
robust
strong and healthy
здоровый, крепкий
He looks robust enough.
a robust economy
absorb
to give all your attention to something that you are doing
быть поглощенным
Simon was so absorbed in his computer game, he didn’t notice me come in.
2) to understand and remember facts that you read or hear
усваивать
It’s hard to absorb so much information
3) If something is absorbed into something else, it becomes part of it.
поглощать, всасывать
The drug is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream.
refine
to improve an idea, method, system, etc by making small changes
совершенствовать
The engineers spent months refining the software.
2) A refined substance has been made more pure by removing other substances from it.
очищенный
refined sugar
3) improved by many small changes
усовершенствованный
a refined method
extensive
large in amount or size
обширный, большой
an extensive art collection
The hurricane caused extensive damage.
2) обширно
I have traveled extensively in Europe.
plight
an unpleasant or difficult situation
тяжелое положение
the plight of the sick and the poor.
The plight of the refugees arouses our compassion.
In his speech, he dwelt on the plight of the sick and the hungry.
The plight of starving people is too awful to think about.
implication
a result or effect that seems likely in the future
последствие
[ usually plural ] financial/health implications
This scheme has serious implications for the local economy.
2) the act of suggesting something without saying it directly
скрытый смысл, намек
The implication was that the school had to do much better or it would be closed.
terrestrial
terrestrial
relating to the Earth, not space
земной
sacrifice
something valuable that you give up in order to achieve something , or the act of giving it up
жертва
Sometimes you have to make sacrifices to succeed.
There are thousands of men ready to sacrifice their lives for their country.
degenerate
to become worse
ухудшаться, перерастать
The protest soon degenerated into violence.
captive
A captive person or animal is being kept somewhere and is not allowed to leave.
плененный, содержащийся в неволе.
The three brothers were held captive for three months.
Children come to zoos precisely to see captive animals.
remark
something that you say
замечание
He made a remark about her clothes.
He remarked that she was looking thin.
rub
to move a substance backwards and forwards over a surface so that it covers it and goes into it
втирать что-либо/натирать чем-либо и т. д.
I rubbed some suntan oil on her back.
Rub the butter into the flour.
She rubbed her hands together to warm them.
stroke
a sudden problem in your brain that changes the flow of blood and makes you unable to move part of your body
инсульт
to have/suffer a stroke
2) to gently move your hand over a surface
гладить (рукой)
to stroke a cat/dog
He stroked her hair.
courtship
the time when people have a romantic relationship with the intention of getting married
ухаживание
After a quick courtship, they married.
stereoscopic
used to refer to films or pictures that are filmed or shown using a special piece of equipment that creates an image that looks solid and real:
He studied stereoscopic aerial photographs of the glacier.
The camera team plans to capture stereoscopic images of Titan’s surface.
preliminary
coming before a more important action or event, especially introducing or preparing for it:
предварительный:
Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed by further medical trials.
We’ve decided to change the design based on our preliminary findings.
leap
to suddenly move somewhere
запрыгивать/выскакивать/вскакивать и т. д.
He leapt out of his car and ran towards the house.
I leaped up to answer the phone
deteriorated
to become worse ухудшаться Her condition deteriorated rapidly. His health began to deteriorate quite seriously. His hearing began to deteriorate.
vocal
expressing your opinions in a strong way
громогласный
She is a vocal supporter of women’s rights
forage
to move about searching for things you need, especially food
разыскивать
Chimpanzees spend most of the day foraging for fruit, leaves, and insects.
hey were forced to forage for clothing and fuel.
notable
If someone or something is notable, they are important or interesting.
выдающийся, заслуживающий
a notable exception/feature
Getting both sides to agree was a notable achievement.
This is a notable step forward.
utterance
something that you say
высказывание
His every utterance will be scrutinized.
The speaker had great powers of utterance.
spectrum
all the different ideas, opinions, possibilities, etc that exist
диапазон, спектр
He has support from across the whole political spectrum.
Households accumulate wealth across a broad spectrum of assets.
take aback
to surprise or shock someone so much that they do not know how to behave for a short time:
I was a little taken aback at the directness of the question.
I was taken aback by the news of his death.
The news really took us aback.
rendition
a particular way of performing a song, piece of music, or poem:
исполнение:
She ended the concert with a powerful rendition of “I Will Always Love You”.
apt
suitable for a particular situation
уместный
an apt description
2) to often do something
быть склонным
He’s apt to forget his keys.
tailor
someone whose job is to make or repair clothes, especially men’s clothes
портной
measuring jug
a container used for measuring liquids with lines printed on the side showing how much it contains.
flask
termiz:
a special container that keeps drinks hot or cold:
a flask of coffee/tea
2) a flat bottle that is used to carry alcohol in your pocket:
a hip flask
kettle
choynak:
a container for boiling water, that has a lid, handle, and spout and is made from plastic or metal
scales
taroz:
kitchen/bathroom scales.
curiosity
an eager wish to know or learn about something:
to arouse/excite/satisfy someone’s curiosity
I’m burning with curiosity - you must tell me who won!
She decided to call her ex-boyfriend out of curiosity.
“Why do you ask?” “Oh, just idle curiosity (= for no particular reason).”
ex
used to show that someone is no longer what they were: ex-prisoners ex-policemen my ex-husband my ex-girlfriend plurality exes
used to show that someone is no longer in the situation or condition the person had been in; former :
The governor of Minnesota is an ex-wrestler.
commemorate
to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event, especially by a public ceremony or by making a statue or special building:
Gathered all together in this church, we commemorate those who lost their lives in the war.
A statue has been built to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the poet’s birthday.
corrode
If metal corrodes, or if something corrodes it, it is slowly damaged by something such as rain or water:
Steel tends to corrode faster in a salty atmosphere.
Rain corroded the metal pipes.
Acid rain is highly corrosive.
conduct
to organize or do something
проводить
They’re conducting a survey.
2) to behave in a particular way
вести себя
She conducted herself with great dignity.
bond
an interest, experience, or feeling that makes two people feel connected
узы, связь
A love of opera created a bond between them.
2) If two things bond, they stick together, or if you bond them, you make them stick together.
скреплять
This glue bonds wood and metal in seconds.
3) to develop a strong relationship with someone
сближаться
Physical contact helps a mother bond with her baby.
glue
a substance used to stick things together
клей
Put a bit of glue on both edges and hold them together.
distill
to make a liquid stronger or purer by heating it until it changes into a gas and then changing it into a liquid again
дистиллировать
distilled water
extract
to take something out, especially using force
извлекать, вытаскивать
The dentist may decide to extract the tooth.
connotation
the associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning:
A possible connotation of “home” is “a place of warmth, comfort, and affection.”
“Religion” has always had a positive connotation for me.
undergo
to experience something, especially a change or medical treatment
переносить, подвергаться
The country is currently undergoing major political change.
He is undergoing surgery for a heart problem
cliff
a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast:
Keep away from the edge of the cliff - you might fall.
the cliff edge
- land
- sand
- ground
- soil
1) The house we are buying comes with a lot of land.
2) Children love playing in the sand.
3) There were no chairs in the hall so we all sat on the ground.
4) I have bought a big bag of soil so I can do some planting in the garden later
leaflet
a piece of paper that gives you information or advertises something:
Demonstrators handed out leaflets to passers-by.
A leaflet about the new bus services came through the door today.
pioneering
using ideas and methods that have never been used before:
pioneering techniques
a pioneering surgeon
2) being the first to do or use a particular new idea:
pioneering research/work/study
a pioneering technique/treatment/technology.
landslide
a mass of rock and earth moving suddenly and quickly down a steep slope:
обвал:
ko’p tuproq yo’lli ustaga tushganda.
2) landslide noun [C] (VICTORY)
the winning of an election with an extremely large number of votes:
The opinion polls are predicting a landslide for the Republicans in next week’s election.
a landslide victory
canine
of or relating to dogs:
The city’s canine population (= the number of dogs in the city) has grown dramatically over recent years.
jellyfish
a sea creature with a clear body that may sting you (= put poison into your skin)
медуза
trove
a place that is full of something good:
a treasure trove of information
Though small, this museum is a veritable treasure trove of history.
2) a large amount of money or a large number of valuable objects found hidden somewhere and seeming to belong to no one:
A Roman soldier’s pay, found by a metal detector enthusiast in Norfolk, has been declared treasure trove.
tide
the rise and fall of the sea that happens twice every day:
high/low tide
The tide is out/in.
Most people are completely clueless about tide directions and weather conditions.
The tide comes in very quickly here and you can soon find yourself stranded.
2) a noticeable change in a situation or increase in a particular type of behaviour:
We must look for ways of stemming (= stopping) the rising tide of protest.
The tide of public opinion is turning against the president.
sting
If an insect, plant, etc stings you, it causes pain by putting poison into your skin.
жалить
He was stung by a wasp.
2) If someone’s unkind remarks sting, they make you feel upset and annoyed:
She knew he was right, but his words still stung.
He was stung by her criticisms.
She managed to give a stinging reply (= an angry answer intended to upset), before slamming down the phone.
wasp
a flying insect with a thin, black and yellow body: not bee:
оса:
a wasp sting
shallow
not deep мелкий, неглубокий shallow water a shallow dish She told her children to stay in the shallow end (of the swimming pool). Fry the onions in a shallow pan.
stick
to become joined to something or to make something become joined to something else, usually with a substance like glue
приклеивать(ся)
Anne stuck a picture of her boyfriend on the wall.
The stamp wouldn’t stick to the envelope.
2) [ U ] UK informal
severe criticism:
I really got/took stick from my boss about being late for work again.
We gave him some stick for wearing that silly hat.
blob
a small amount of a thick liquid
капля
a blob of cream/glue
essence
the basic or most important idea or quality of something:
The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life.
Yet change is the very essence of life.
2) in essence C2 formal
relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something:
In essence, both sides agree on the issue.
3) be of the essence formal
to be the most important thing:
In any of these discussions, of course, honesty is of the essence.
Time is of the essence
bury
to put a dead body into the ground:
His father is buried in the cemetery on the hill.
B2
to put something into a hole in the ground and cover it:
The dog trotted off to bury its bone.
buried treasure
imprint
to fix an event or experience so firmly in the memory that it cannot be forgotten although you do not try to remember it:
That look of grief would be imprinted on her mind forever.
2) a mark left when an object is pressed into something soft
след, отпечаток
The steps showed the imprint of his boots in the snow.
compress
to press something into a smaller space:
Firmly compress the soil in the pot so that the plant is secure.
compressed air
to make information, a piece of writing, etc. shorter:
The course compresses two year’s training into six intensive months.
I managed to compress ten pages of notes into four paragraphs.
to make a computer file use less space when it is stored in the memory of a computer or on a disk, by using a special program:
to compress data/files
culinary
connected with cooking or kitchens:
the culinary delights (= good food) of Beijing
My culinary skills are limited to boiling water (= I am not very good at cooking).
drumsticks
a stick for beating a drum: baraban uradigan;
the lower part of the leg of a chicken or similar bird eaten as food:
chicken drumsticks : tovoq oyog’i
frost
a weather condition in which the air temperature falls below the freezing point of water, especially outside at night:
мороз:
There was a frost last night.
There were a lot of hard/heavy (= severe) frosts that winter.
Look, the frost has made a beautiful pattern on the window.
2) water in the air that freezes when it touches a cold surface and forms a white, powdery layer:
There was frost on the grass in the early morning.
An early frost killed some of my tomatoes.
thrive
to grow very well, or to become very healthy or successful
процветать
The business is thriving.
He seems to thrive on hard work.
gesture
a movement you make with your hand, arm, or head to express what you are thinking or feeling
жест
He made a rude gesture at the crowd.
2) something you do to show people how you feel about a person or situation
жест, поступок
It would be a nice gesture to invite her to dinner.
inflammatory
- anti-inflammatory
intended or likely to cause anger or hate:
The men were using inflammatory language/making inflammatory remarks about the other team’s supporters.
- An anti-inflammatory drug is one that is used to reduce pain and swelling:
anti-inflammatory drugs for arthritis
fever
a medical condition in which the body temperature is higher than usual and the heart beats very fast:
He’s got a headache and a slight fever.
2) a state of great excitement:
The whole country seems to be in the grip of football fever.
forehead
the flat part of the face, above the eyes and below the hair:
peshona:
She’s got a high forehead.
She wiped the beads of sweat from her forehead.
“You haven’t got a temperature,” she said, touching the boy’s forehead.
cramp
a sudden painful tightening in a muscle, often after a lot of exercise, that limits movement:
Several runners needed treatment for cramp (US cramps) and exhaustion.
I’ve got cramp in my foot.
stomach cramps
2) to limit someone, especially to prevent them from enjoying a full life:
Worry and lack of money cramp the lives of the unemployed.
swell
to become larger and rounder than usual; to (cause to) increase in size or amount:
It was obvious she had broken her toe, because it immediately started to swell (up).
The group recruited more members, swelling its ranks (= increasing its size) to more than 1.3 million.
literary His heart/breast swelled with pride (= he felt very proud) as he stood watching his son graduate.
2) a rich, fashionable person: They were mostly working-class guys trying to be comfortable among the swells. She had seen her neighborhood change from an empty corner to a destination for city swells.
relieve
to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong:
She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain.
She relieved her boredom at home by learning how to type.
deter
to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it:
These measures are designed to deter an enemy attack.
High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses.
fertilization
the action of spreading a natural or chemical substance on land or plants, in order to make the plants grow well:
удобрять:
Leave large wood on the ground for wildlife habitat and soil fertilization.
Proper fertilization of land is of great importance for good quality food.
2) to cause an egg to start to develop into a young animal or baby by combining it with a male cell
оплодотворять
Once an egg is fertilized it becomes an embryo.
purify
to remove bad substances from something to make it pure
очищать
Plants help to purify the air.
purified water
digestion
the process in which your body changes food in your stomach into substances that it can use
пищеварение:
Discover how eating raw food helps balance your body and aids digestion.
poor/good/strong digestion
pea
mosh:
a round, green seed, several of which grow in a pod, eaten as a vegetable:
frozen/dried peas
pea soup
garnish
to decorate food with a small amount of different food:
Garnish the dish with parsley before serving.
pickle
food that has been put into vinegar or salt water for a long time and has a sour taste
соленья, маринады
a cheese and pickle sandwich
cold meat and pickles
make (money) off
1) (money)
to make money:
“I then remembered how much money the company made off its youngest dyes.
I made so much money off of apartment houses
She’s an idiot. They make money off her and she only gets nothing.
2) to leave quickly, usually in order to escape:
The burglars made off before the police arrived
The dog made off before I was able to grab its collar
cringe
to feel very embarrassed:
I cringed at the sight of my dad dancing.
I cringed when I realized what I’d said.
2) To cringe is also to pull back in fear from someone or something that seems powerful and dangerous:
He cringes every time he hears the dentist’s drill.
net worth
the value of the assets (= property and money) that a person or business has, after any debts are taken away:
He has a net worth of about £70 million.
The firm specializes in advising high net worth individuals.
fraction
a number that results from dividing one whole number by another:
¼ and 0.25 are different ways of representing the same fraction.
2) a small part of something, or a small amount:
They can produce it at a fraction of the cost of (= much more cheaply than) traditional methods.
Could you just move a fraction to the right, so I can get by?
tee off
to begin a game or a hole in golf:
The players teed off more than 90 minutes late because of heavy rains that made the course soggy.
diligently
in a way that is careful and uses a lot of effort:
He worked diligently to prepare himself for this three-week tournament.
She diligently completed each task she was given.
stuck
unable to move, or set in a particular position, place, or way of thinking:
This door seems to be stuck - can you help me push it open?
Seven of us were stuck in the lift for over an hour.
I hate being stuck (= having to be) behind a desk - I’d rather work outside.
2) not able to continue reading, answering questions, etc. because something is too difficult:
I’m really stuck - do you have any idea how to answer these questions?
3) in a difficult situation, or unable to change or get away from a situation:
We’d be stuck if your sister hadn’t offered to come over and look after the children tonight.
4) to have to deal with someone or something unpleasant because you have no choice or because no one else wants to:
We were stuck with him for the entire journey!
get stuck in ,into
to start doing something enthusiastically:
We showed them where the crates had to be moved to, and they got stuck in straightaway.
You really got stuck into your food (= ate your food quickly) - you must have been hungry.
Mum brought in the sandwiches and told us to get stuck in
clinging
A clinging person stays close to and depends on a person who is taking care of them:
Up to the time she started school, her daughter was very clinging.
A very clinging and demanding elderly parent presents a problem.
Maria was not a clinging mother.
2) Clinging clothes fit closely to the body so that the shape of your body can be seen:
She looked stunning in a clinging black dress.
Mr Darcy dived into a lake and emerged in a wet, clinging shirt
scramble
to move or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using your hands to help you:
She scrambled up the steep hillside and over the rocks.
He scrambled into his clothes (= put them on quickly) and raced to get help.
As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door (= tried to reach the door quickly).
People are scrambling to buy property before prices rise even further.
fall into
to start doing something, often without intending to:
We’ve fallen into the habit of getting up late on Saturday mornings.
I fell into my job quite by accident.
She fell into a conversation with the taxi driver.
to gradually get into a particular condition, especially to get into a bad condition as a result of not being taken care of:
Over the years the house had fallen into disrepair.
The old school fell into disuse (= people stopped using it).
disuse
the condition of not being used (any longer):
The building was recently restored after decades of disuse
Over the years the house had fallen into disrepair.
The old school fell into disuse (= people stopped using it).
hooked
enjoying something so much that you are unable to stop having it, watching it, doing it, etc.:
I was hooked after two episodes.
unable to stop taking a drug:
to be hooked on cocaine
levy
(of a government or organization) to demand an amount of money, such as a tax, from a person or organization:
A new tax was levied on consumers of luxury goods.
The City Council can levy a fine of $250 for a first offense.
impose
to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received:
Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.
Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offenses.
The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.
exempt
to excuse someone or something from a duty, payment, etc.:
Small businesses have been exempted from the tax increase.
with special permission not to do or pay something:
Goods exempt from this tax include books and children’s clothes.
Pregnant women are exempt from dental charges under the current health system.
chip in
to interrupt a conversation in order to say something:
I’ll start and you can all chip in with your comments.
2) to give some money, esp. when several people are giving money to pay for something together:
They each chipped in $50 to take their parents out to dinner.
They all chipped in £100 and bought their mother a trip to Greece.
prominent
very well known and important:
a prominent Democrat
a prominent member of the Saudi royal family
The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights.
2) Something that is in a prominent position can easily be seen or noticed:
New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the store.
emerge
to become known, especially as a result of examining something or asking questions about it:
The facts behind the scandal are sure to emerge eventually.
[ + that ] It has emerged that secret talks had been going on between the two companies before the takeover was announced.
She’s the most exciting British singer to emerge on the pop scene for a decade.
We debated which of the candidate will emerge (= result) as the winner.
2) to appear from somewhere or come out of somewhere
появляться, возникать
A figure emerged from the shadows.
3)
to become known
выясняться
It emerged that she had lied to her employers.
trickle
If liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly and in a thin line.
струиться по/из и т. д.
She could feel the sweat trickling down her back.
2) to go somewhere slowly in small numbers
постепенно, небольшими группами заходить/выходить
People began to trickle into the classroom.
voyage
a long journey, especially by ship, or in space
путешествие, плавание
The ship sank on its maiden voyage (= first journey).
He was a young sailor on his first sea voyage.
figurative The first year of a loving relationship is a voyage (= period) of discovery.
solely
only, and not involving anyone or anything else
исключительно
I bought it solely for that purpose.
It seems he’s not solely to blame for the accident.
The product’s success cannot be attributable solely to the ads.
allotted
given or made available for a particular purpose:
Did you finish your essay in the allotted time?
The magazine story was edited to fit the allotted space.
They were allotted seats on the front row.
liquidate
to close a business because it has no money left
ликвидировать (предприятие)
The store went into liquidation.
A significant number of bankrupt firms did not enter the rehabilitation process but were simply liquidated.
First, relocated agents must be given currency or liquidated investment.
