reading week 10 Flashcards
What was the “War on Pellagra” and what did Dr. Joseph Goldberger theorize about pellagra?
In 1915, Public Health Service physician Dr. Joseph Goldberger conducted research on pellagra, a disease that was prevalent in the southern United States. Goldberger’s theory contradicted commonly held medical opinions. The work of Italian investigators as well as Goldberger’s own observations in mental hospitals, orphanages, and cotton mill towns convinced him that germs did not cause the disease. He found no evidence for the hypothesis that spoiled maize caused pellagra, but he believed that diet was the crucial factor. Goldberger discovered that a diet of fresh meat, milk, and vegetables instead of a corn-based diet could cure pellagra.
What is the Monster Experiment and who conducted it?
The “Monster Experiment” was an experiment that induced stuttering in twenty-two children living at the Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home in Davenport. It was conducted by Dr. Wendell Johnson, a prominent speech pathologist.
What were the “Refrigeration” Experiments on Mental Patients at Harvard University and the University of Cincinnati?
The “Refrigeration” experiments were a series of hypothermia experiments that subjected mental patients to freezing temperatures for prolonged periods. They were conducted by prominent psychiatrists at Harvard University’s McLean Hospital and at the University of Cincinnati.
How did the doctors at Harvard and the University of Cincinnati conduct the hypothermia experiments?
The naked and slightly anesthetized patient was placed between rubberized blankets containing rubber coils through which a refrigerated fluid circulated. Peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering occasionally delayed the fall in rectal temperature for some hours. Within 1 to 4 hours, the administered anesthetic had been dissipated.
What were the results of the “Refrigeration” experiments?
Two patients died from pneumonia, and several of the survivors suffered from mental retardation and physical decay bordering on cachexia.
Who was Henrietta Lacks and what is the significance of her “immortal” cells?
Henrietta Lacks was a Baltimore resident who was diagnosed with cervical cancer at Johns Hopkins University Hospital in 1951. Her cancer cells were found to be “immortal” and were shared with research colleagues around the world, leading to significant advancements in research on polio vaccine, cancer, HIV-AIDS, and gene mapping.
What ethical challenges are associated with Henrietta Lacks’ case?
The conduct of Dr. George Gey and his colleagues in propagating the HeLa cell line raises ethical questions, particularly regarding informed consent, the right to compensation, and profit from the cell line.
What was the lawsuit filed by the Havasupai Tribe about?
The Havasupai Tribe sued the Arizona Board of Regents and the Arizona State University researchers for using DNA samples that were collected for studies on type 2 diabetes but were later used in other studies to research mental illness and theories of the tribe’s geographic origins that contradicted their traditional stories.
What was the issue in the Moore v Regents of the University of California case?
Moore was being treated for a rare form of cancer, and his physician was aware that the cells from Moore’s spleen could have commercial value. A cell line was developed from Moore’s tissue that helped produce drugs which may be beneficial in the treatment of leukemia and possibly for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The cells were valued at approximately $3 billion. Moore sued for damages based on the failure of his physician to inform him of the commercial gains made from his cells but lost when the case was referred to the California Supreme Court.
What is the traditional position on property rights in a patient’s cells?
The California Supreme Court held to its traditional position that individuals do not hold property rights in their own tissue and cells.
What is the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study, and who conducted it?
the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study was conducted by Dr. Saul Krugman from the New York University School of Medicine and his coworkers at Willowbrook State School in Staten Island, N.Y.
What was the purpose of the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study?
The purpose of the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study was to track the development of the viral infection by intentionally giving mentally disabled children hepatitis in an attempt to determine the effectiveness of gamma globulin injections as protection against hepatitis.
What ethical challenges were present in the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study?
The ethical challenges present in the Willowbrook Hepatitis Study included violation of respect for persons and fairness, undue inducement, lack of informed consent, and using a vulnerable, institutionalized population for experiments.
What was the purpose of the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Cancer Study?
The purpose of the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Cancer Study was to investigate whether the body’s inability to reject cancer cells was due to cancer or debilitation.
How many senile patients were involved in the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Cancer Study?
22 senile patients were involved in the Brooklyn Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Cancer Study.
