culture

Question 1

What is the recommended intervention for improving cultural competence and patient-provider relationships?

Answer 1

Interdisciplinary biomedical ethics training and a patient-centered approach is recommended to improve cultural competence and patient-provider relationships, leading to better health outcomes.

Question 2

What are some examples of biases and stereotypes in healthcare?

Answer 2

Bias is a lens through which we see life and can be based on factors such as race, gender, and generation. Stereotypes are oversimplified beliefs about a group of people based on limited or incorrect information. Examples of biases and stereotypes in healthcare include assuming a patient engages in risky behaviors or is non-compliant based on their group identity.

Question 3

How can we become more culturally competent?

Answer 3

To become more culturally competent, it is important to develop awareness, knowledge, and sensitivity towards cultural differences, as well as acceptance, coping, and adaptation to unique cultural perspectives. It is also important to identify and challenge biases and stereotypes.

Question 4

What is the Camera Exercise and how does it help challenge assumptions in healthcare?

Answer 4

The Camera Exercise involves examining assumptions and separating what is being interpreted from what is being observed. By analyzing a hypothetical scenario of a physician and two women in an exam room, the exercise helps healthcare providers recognize their own biases and assumptions and avoid making incorrect assumptions about their patients based on limited information.

Question 5

What is the “Words to Action” approach in healthcare?

Answer 5

The “Words to Action” approach in healthcare involves treating patients and colleagues with respect and compassion, and striving to exceed expectations by doing onto others 20% better than you would expect them to do unto you. This helps to correct for subjective errors and promote better patient outcomes.

Question 6

What is culture?

Answer 6

Culture refers to the integrated pattern of human behavior, which includes thoughts, communication, languages, beliefs, values, practices, customs, rituals, manners of interacting, roles, relationships, and expected behaviors of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group. It is dynamic in nature and has the ability to transmit its values and practices to succeeding generations.

Question 7

What are some examples of cultural values and practices?

Answer 7

Cultural values and practices can vary widely depending on the group, but some examples include beliefs about health, religion, family structures, communication styles, customs, and manners of interaction.

Question 8

How do patients use culture to understand their health care?

Answer 8

Patients use culture to understand, interpret, and explain their symptoms, as well as to make value choices about their health care. For example, different cultures may have different beliefs about the causes of illnesses and how to treat them.

Question 9

What are the three world-views related to health-illness beliefs?

Answer 9

The three world-views related to health-illness beliefs are:

1magico-religious, which involves belief in external agents and supernatural phenomena, such as good or evil, with or without justification. Examples of cultures with this worldview include AA, Latino, and Middle Eastern cultures.
2. scientific/biomedical, which focuses on natural phenomena and cause-and-effect relationships.
3. holistic health paradigms, which emphasize multiple interactions between the environment and host, such as poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and mycobacterium.

Question 10

Why is culture often overlooked?

Answer 10

Culture is often overlooked because it is so deeply rooted in our lives, and the values and beliefs are so internalized that they become rituals that are unconscious. Additionally, the component parts of culture can be difficult to grasp, and people may not notice it until they are confronted by changes or differences. Finally, culture is often seen as a given and unchangeable, when in fact it is dynamic and constantly evolving.

Question 11

What are some characteristics of culture?

Answer 11

Some characteristics of culture include: being learned from one generation to another, being shared among group members, being multifaceted and affecting language, religion, education, and politics, containing cultural universals like greetings, dance, and marriage, being dynamic and constantly changing, and overlapping with national, regional, ethnic, gender, professional, and age-specific cultures.

Question 12

What is cultural competency?

Answer 12

Cultural competency refers to the ability to effectively and efficiently work within the cultural context of individuals or communities from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. This includes understanding and respecting cultural differences, as well as developing the skills and knowledge necessary to provide appropriate and effective care.

Question 13

What is Culture Competence?

Answer 13

Culture Competence is the ability to effectively work within the cultural context of individuals or a community from a diverse cultural or ethnic background.

Question 14

What are the individual level capacities required for Culture Competence?

Answer 14

The individual level capacities required for Culture Competence are acknowledging cultural differences, understanding your own culture, engaging in self-assessment, acquiring cultural knowledge and skills, and viewing behavior within a cultural context.

Question 15

What is Diversity?

Answer 15

Diversity is the state of being different between and within cultural groups. This includes origin, ethnicity, color, marital status, religion, sexual orientation, occupation, socioeconomic status, generation, etc.

Question 16

What is Inclusion?

Answer 16

Inclusion is making the mix work.

Question 17

What is Ethnicity?

Answer 17

Ethnicity refers to a group of people who share a common culture and who belong to a specific group and share common social and cultural values over generations.

Question 18

What is Race?

Answer 18

Race is a biological factor. It is the classification of humans based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

Question 19

What is Ethnocentrism?

Answer 19

Ethnocentrism is a tendency to believe that one’s own culture is superior to those of others. This includes beliefs, values, way of life, and customs.

Question 20

What is Culture Imposition?

Answer 20

Culture Imposition is the act of imposing one’s own culture on others, which can lead to cultural shock, cultural clashes, cultural pain, and cultural assault among patients whose cultural values and beliefs are incongruent with the dominant cultural values and beliefs.

Question 21

What is the Think Process?

Answer 21

The Think Process includes assimilation, acculturation, and enculturation. Assimilation is adopting the host culture, acculturation is a preferred process that involves no imposition and is like a salad bowl/tapestry of individualistic and collective cultures, and enculturation refers to the function in society.

Question 22

What are the two major goals of Healthy People/2020?

Answer 22

The two major goals of Healthy People/2020 are to increase quality and years of healthy life for all and eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population, necessitating culture-specific and competent actions designed to eliminate disparities.

Question 23

What are disparities in health care?

Answer 23

Disparities in health care refer to differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the U.S.

Question 24

What are the four major areas of disparities in health care?

Answer 24

The four major areas of disparities in health care are physician’s/provider’s communication, cultural competence in health care services, quality of clinical care “delivered care”, and access to care.

Question 25

How does culture impact health care?

Answer 25

Health care is a cultural construct based on beliefs about the nature of disease and the human body, cultural issues, and are central in the delivery of health services.

Question 26

Why is culture important in healthcare?

Answer 26

Cultural forces are powerful determinants of health-related behavior. A lack of knowledge about, or sensitivity to, health beliefs and practices of different cultures can limit or even inhibit one’s ability to provide quality healthcare.

Question 27

What are some social and cultural factors that influence health-related behavior?

Answer 27

Social and cultural factors that influence health-related behavior include health-seeking behavior, perceived causes of illness, understanding of the disease process, and formulation of treatment decisions. Culture is not defined exclusively by ethnicity but is rather a shared system of values, beliefs, history, and learned patterns of behaviors.

Question 28

What should healthcare providers know about their patient population?

Answer 28

Healthcare providers should know what cultures are predominantly represented in the community they serve, the values, beliefs, traditional concepts particular to these groups, who the “gatekeepers” of health within these groups are, and the group’s perception of health and illness.

Question 29

What is the enigma that Western bioethics faces regarding culture?

Answer 29

For some Western bioethicists, culture appears to be an enigmatic puzzle. Sometimes it is seen as a barrier that needs to be overcome to provide “scientific” healthcare, and at other times, it poses “constraints” to the “normative role of bioethics.”

Question 30

What is deontological ethics, and how does it differ from virtue ethics and consequentialism?

Answer 30

Deontological ethics is one of the three main approaches to biomedical ethics. It emphasizes principles, rules, and duties as the basis of moral justification. It differs from virtue ethics, which emphasizes moral character as the basis for ethical decision-making, and consequentialism, which emphasizes the consequences of actions and rules.

Question 31

What are the four basic principles of principlism in biomedical ethics?

Answer 31

The four basic principles of principlism in biomedical ethics are respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Respect for autonomy means that physicians should respect the voluntary healthcare choices of rationally competent patients. Nonmaleficence means that physicians should not needlessly intentionally inflict harm or injury. Beneficence means that health care should be of benefit to the patient. Justice means that fairness is important in the allocation of resources.

Question 32

Can universal principles guide ethical decision making regardless of the culture in which those decisions take place?

Answer 32

There is significant debate about the universality of Western bioethics. While universal principles may guide ethical decision making to some extent, they may not be sensitive to culturally specific norms. It is important to arrive at a middle ground through a “moral partnership” that negotiates between abstract principles and particular cultural contexts.

Question 33

What is the framework for culturally competent ethical decision making?

Answer 33

The framework for culturally competent ethical decision making involves a combination of human rights, ethical principles, and culturally competent actions. It is important to be sensitive to cultural diversity and negotiate between universal values and culturally specific norms.

Question 34

What are the three essential principles of the Ethics of Cultural Competence?

Answer 34

he three essential principles of the Ethics of Cultural Competence are:

1.Acknowledgement of the importance of culture in people’s lives, including the appreciation of the broad influence of cultural factors on patients’ decisions, health belief system, and culture-specific knowledge.
2.Respect for cultural differences, including being comfortable with patient autonomy and cultural practices that conflict with Western medical practice.
3.Minimization of any negative consequences of cultural differences, including not placing the burden of adaptation and accommodation on the patient and taking steps to address disparities.

Question 35

What are the different cultures that can affect healthcare interactions and reactions?

Answer 35

The different cultures that can affect healthcare interactions and reactions include the patient’s diverse culture (origin, socio-economic status, gender, generation, sexual orientation, practices, religion, values, etc.), the provider’s diverse culture (including their professional culture), institutional culture (e.g. religious health institutions), healthcare system culture (including disparities and inequities), and the culture of biomedical ethics.

Question 36

What is the relationship between a patient’s rights and a healthcare professional’s responsibilities?

Answer 36

A patient’s rights define a healthcare professional’s responsibilities. One important aspect of a patient’s rights is safeguarding their autonomy regarding healthcare interventions, especially as the healthcare paradigm shifts from a paternalistic to a patient-centered focus of care.

Question 37

Why is it essential for health professionals to examine their own beliefs and values?

Answer 37

It is essential for health professionals to examine their own beliefs and values because they will impact care provision, including what care is provided, as well as when, where, why, and how it is provided. This self-examination is necessary to ensure that healthcare professionals are ethically objective and can negotiate moral tension.

Question 38

What are the culturally based differences in values that can conflict with ethics/principles in healthcare?

Answer 38

Culturally based differences in values that can conflict with ethics/principles in healthcare include differences in the conceptualization, understanding, and practice of the notion of “good” across different cultures. While broad principles are universal, cultures specify, interpret, or apply these principles in numerous ways. For example, some cultures tend towards autonomy-influenced application or prioritization, while others tend towards beneficence.

Question 39

How can healthcare professionals navigate cultural differences in values regarding patient autonomy and confidentiality?

Answer 39

Healthcare professionals can navigate cultural differences in values regarding patient autonomy and confidentiality by diplomatically informing the family that the healthcare provider’s first duty is to the patient and that the patient’s wishes should override the family’s wishes, both morally and legally. In situations where there is a conflict between collectivism and individualism culture, medical professionals should ask the patient directly about their preferences regarding the disclosure of their condition and the level of involvement they want their family to have in decision-making. It is important to keep in mind that the patient may not want to know all the details and may be happy for their family to make decisions on their behalf.

Question 40

What is the potential conflict for a Muslim nursing student undertaking a clinical placement in a women’s hospital?

Answer 40

The nursing student may find it morally distressing to support patients prior to their pregnancy termination, as it is against her religious values and she brings different principles to health decision.

Question 41

How can health professionals accommodate cultural norms, such as Jewish parents’ request to circumcise their son?

Answer 41

Health professionals may need to negotiate and find ways to respect and accommodate cultural norms to avoid moral tensions.

Question 42

What are the listening and communication steps in the LEARN model for culturally sensitive healthcare?

Answer 42

The LEARN model includes Listening (non-judgmental), Explaining (perception of the problem), Acknowledging (differences and similarities of the perception), Recommending (that involves the patient), and Negotiating (treatment plan incorporating patient’s culture).

Question 43

How does the Cultural Care Theory apply ethical principles in healthcare?

Answer 43

The Cultural Care Theory applies ethical principles through Cultural care Preservation (gender role), Cultural care Accommodation/Negotiation (not to inform the mother-discharge to hospice care denied), and Re-patterning (client to reorder, change, modify lifestyle).

Question 44

What is the process for ethical decision-making as moral partners when there are culturally-based differences in values causing conflict?

Answer 44

The process for ethical decision-making involves acknowledging the difference/s (culture/science), identifying shared value/s (aim of action, goal, what is best for the patient), analyzing the point/s of difference (check facts, reasoning, and assumptions), and negotiating (look for possibilities).

Question 45

What is an example of a case study on cultural accommodation in healthcare?

Answer 45

A case study on cultural accommodation involves a Muslim female patient diagnosed with cancer whose son insists that she not be informed and no one use the word cancer but “tumor,” causing a conflict for medical staff on whether this is a violation of professional ethics and the law.

Question 46

What should a student do when encountering cultural differences in clinical placements in developing countries?

Answer 46

A student should consider the cultural differences and apply the ethical principles they have learned in class, while also being respectful of local customs and norms. It may require negotiation and finding ways to accommodate cultural differences.

Question 47

What is the traditional initiation into manhood for Luo men?

Answer 47

the removal of six teeth from the lower jaw.

Question 48

What is Maria’s conflict in the case study of Samuel?

Answer 48

Maria is conflicted by Samuel’s request to extract healthy, functioning teeth as she believes that the principles of good dentistry prohibit her from doing so.

Question 49

What is the aim of health ethics education?

Answer 49

The aim of health ethics education is to provide a better understanding of ethical principles and their application in healthcare.

Question 50

What is CLAS and how does it help reduce health disparities?

Answer 50

CLAS stands for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care. By tailoring health services to an individual’s culture and language preferences, health professionals can help bring about positive health outcomes for diverse populations, which ultimately helps reduce health disparities and achieve health equity.

Question 51

What is the key to becoming culturally competent in healthcare?

Answer 51

The key to becoming culturally competent is to be aware of one’s own culture and biases, accept cultural uniqueness of others, and adapt and develop new coping strategies that engage the heart, mind, feelings, and emotions.