Reading Quizzes For Test 2 Flashcards
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:
Classical conditioning
_______ is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Respondent behavior
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through using language is called:
Cognitive learning
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ______ repeatedly comes before a(n) ______
Unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)
Marley was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage and her attacker was wearing strong cologne. Marley now refuses to go through the mall fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:
Generalization
If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:
Classical conditioning
All of the following are Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology except:
His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments
Watson and Pavlov agreed that:
Laws of learning are the same for all animals
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseated. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room also started to make her nauseated. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement
Variable-ratio
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a homerun on a ______ schedule
Variable-ratio
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car’s irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:
Negative reinforcement
Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _______ schedule of reinforcement
Fixed-interval
The law of effect laid the foundation for colon
Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement
Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does not apply commonly to both types of learning?
Involuntary responses
Which of the following statements about BF Skinner’s view is false?
Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society
BF Skinner’s critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual’s
Personal freedom
BF Skinner believe that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:
Shaping and immediate reinforcement
A learned association between two stimuli is central to:
Classical conditioning
Your friend Lindsay became very ill a few hours after eating fried chicken in the college cafeteria. Now, Lindsay feels queasy whenever she smells it. According to what you’ve learned from your text, can you explain that:
Lindsay has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness
The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by:
Garcia and Koelling’s findings on taste aversion in rats
If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then is also sometimes preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with:
Fear to the tone but not to the light
Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the _____ of the CS-US association
Predictability
Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ______ on behavior
Cognitive processes
Becky grows tomatoes for the sheer joy of it; Lauren grows them to sell at a profit. Becky’s behavior reflects _____, whereas Lauren’s behavior reflects ______
Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
When a four-year-old girl picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:
Observation
Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing television violence in which an attractive person commits:
Justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm
Correlational studies show that prolong viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior
Predicts
In the United States and Canada, ______ rates doubled between 1957 in 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of television
Homicide
The three steps in memory information processing are:
Encoding, storage, retrieval
Encoding is to __________ as storage is to __________
Data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive
A professor prefers to give his students all essay and fill in the blank questions to fully tested their:
Recall
Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using:
Recognition
Fill in the blank test questions are to multiple choice questions as:
Recall is to recognition
Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:
It is easier to relearn: that is, to learn the material for a second time
Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime?
Distributed practice
Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same coworker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as:
Automatic processing
Tom is reading a novel. When the phone rings, he looks up to see if his wife is going to answer it, which she does. He returns his attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where he left off. Tom is able to effortlessly return to his reading because:
Of the automatic processing of space
Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _______ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second
Iconic memory
Johnny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has damage to his:
Right hippocampus
Maybel has all Alzheimer’s disease and her ______ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new ______ memories by being repeatedly shown words
Explicit; implicit
Some patients suffering from amnesia are in capable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the:
Hippocampus
Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter’s birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sound in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologist would say that:
He has a flashbulb memory for this event
Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?
Long-term potentiation
_______ is the neural storage of a long-term memory
Memory consolidation
Fiona, now six years old, has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as:
Infantile amnesia
Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the:
Serial position effect
When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:
Retrieval cues
Professor Molly suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Molly once the student to consider:
The context in which learning occurred
