Reading Quizzes For Test 2

Question 1

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

_______ is behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 2

Respondent behavior

Question 3

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through using language is called:

Answer 3

Cognitive learning

Question 4

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ______ repeatedly comes before a(n) ______

Answer 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 5

Marley was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage and her attacker was wearing strong cologne. Marley now refuses to go through the mall fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This classically conditioned response best illustrates:

Answer 5

Generalization

Question 6

If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

All of the following are Pavlov’s major contributions to the field of psychology except:

Answer 7

His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments

Question 8

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

Answer 8

Laws of learning are the same for all animals

Question 9

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseated. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room also started to make her nauseated. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

Answer 9

Unconditioned response (UR)

Question 10

In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response is called a(n):

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 11

Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 11

Variable-ratio

Question 12

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a homerun on a ______ schedule

Answer 12

Variable-ratio

Question 13

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car’s irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of:

Answer 13

Negative reinforcement

Question 14

Continuously checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _______ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 14

Fixed-interval

Question 15

The law of effect laid the foundation for colon

Answer 15

Skinner’s experiments on reinforcement

Question 16

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does not apply commonly to both types of learning?

Answer 16

Involuntary responses

Question 17

Which of the following statements about BF Skinner’s view is false?

Answer 17

Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society

Question 18

BF Skinner’s critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual’s

Answer 18

Personal freedom

Question 19

BF Skinner believe that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both:

Answer 19

Shaping and immediate reinforcement

Question 20

A learned association between two stimuli is central to:

Answer 20

Classical conditioning

Question 21

Your friend Lindsay became very ill a few hours after eating fried chicken in the college cafeteria. Now, Lindsay feels queasy whenever she smells it. According to what you’ve learned from your text, can you explain that:

Answer 21

Lindsay has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness

Question 22

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by:

Answer 22

Garcia and Koelling’s findings on taste aversion in rats

Question 23

If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then is also sometimes preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react with:

Answer 23

Fear to the tone but not to the light

Question 24

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the _____ of the CS-US association

Answer 24

Predictability

Question 25

Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ______ on behavior

Answer 25

Cognitive processes

Question 26

Becky grows tomatoes for the sheer joy of it; Lauren grows them to sell at a profit. Becky’s behavior reflects _____, whereas Lauren’s behavior reflects ______

Answer 26

Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

Question 27

When a four-year-old girl picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

Answer 27

Observation

Question 28

Children are especially likely to behave aggressively after viewing television violence in which an attractive person commits:

Answer 28

Justified violence that causes no visible pain or harm

Question 29

Correlational studies show that prolong viewing of televised violence ________ increased rates of violent behavior

Answer 29

Predicts

Question 30

In the United States and Canada, ______ rates doubled between 1957 in 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of television

Answer 30

Homicide

Question 31

The three steps in memory information processing are:

Answer 31

Encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 32

Encoding is to __________ as storage is to __________

Answer 32

Data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Question 33

A professor prefers to give his students all essay and fill in the blank questions to fully tested their:

Answer 33

Recall

Question 34

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using:

Answer 34

Recognition

Question 35

Fill in the blank test questions are to multiple choice questions as:

Answer 35

Recall is to recognition

Question 36

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

Answer 36

It is easier to relearn: that is, to learn the material for a second time

Question 37

Which of the following helps to retain information for a lifetime?

Answer 37

Distributed practice

Question 38

Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same coworker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering, is she following me? Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times something happens to you is known as:

Answer 38

Automatic processing

Question 39

Tom is reading a novel. When the phone rings, he looks up to see if his wife is going to answer it, which she does. He returns his attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where he left off. Tom is able to effortlessly return to his reading because:

Answer 39

Of the automatic processing of space

Question 40

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _______ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second

Answer 40

Iconic memory

Question 41

Johnny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has damage to his:

Answer 41

Right hippocampus

Question 42

Maybel has all Alzheimer’s disease and her ______ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new ______ memories by being repeatedly shown words

Answer 42

Explicit; implicit

Question 43

Some patients suffering from amnesia are in capable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the:

Answer 43

Hippocampus

Question 44

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter’s birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sound in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologist would say that:

Answer 44

He has a flashbulb memory for this event

Question 45

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Answer 45

Long-term potentiation

Question 46

_______ is the neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 46

Memory consolidation

Question 47

Fiona, now six years old, has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event is known as:

Answer 47

Infantile amnesia

Question 48

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as the:

Answer 48

Serial position effect

Question 49

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:

Answer 49

Retrieval cues

Question 50

Professor Molly suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Molly once the student to consider:

Answer 50

The context in which learning occurred