Reading Quizzes For Test 1 Flashcards
Who was the functionalist who authored the textbook “Principles of Psychology” for the emerging discipline of psychology?
James
Who was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology?
Washburn
Compared with the structuralists, early behavioralists were much less likely to focus on the study of:
Thinking
Your professor directs a clinic for children and adolescents that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which of the following branches of psychology does this clinic support?
Behaviorism
Dr. Jasper specializes in the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition. Dr. Jasper’s area of study is called:
Cognitive neuroscience
_______ said that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses
Aristotle
Which philosopher said that knowledge is not pre-existing but grows from experiences?
Locke
A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ______ perspective
Behavioral
Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind?
Introspection
Researchers continue to debate the origin of knowledge. Some believe that we are born with certain types of knowledge, while others believe that knowledge is gained through experience. Professor Rizzo believes that children learn language through experiences. This approach is most similar to the ideas of:
Aristotle
You have just found out that a married couple you have known since high school is now splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their divorce. Which of the following is the most likely cause for your feeling?
Hindsight bias
After the events of 9/11, your friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have forswear the likelihood of this form of terrorism. According to her, all the clues were there. This perception most clearly illustrates:
Hindsight bias
The problem with common sense is that it is “after the fact.” In other words, commonsense does not help us:
Predict the future
At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own social behaviors. The students reported being 84% confident in their self predictions. However they correctly predicted their own behavior only 71% of the time. This human tendency is known as:
Overconfidence
Even in random data we often find order, because random sequences often don’t look _______
Random
Tonya was astonished when she flipped a coin 10 times and it came up heads each time. She believed that this was her lucky day and spent $10 on lottery tickets. Tanya’s believe is an example of our tendency to perceive _____, which is an error in thinking.
Order in random events
Historically, there have been many examples of “crazy sounding” ideas. The scientific approach for exploring these ideas is to:
Use curious skepticism
Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead people to rely too heavily on intuition and commonsense. What can more reliably help answer questions about psychological phenomena?
Scientific attitude
You and your best friend are discussing fossil fuel usage, and your friend says that carbon emissions are up by 15%. You ask where he pulled that number from because you:
Are engaging in critical thinking
_______ is one phenomenon that illustrates why we should not rely on our intuition and commonsense when trying to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do
Overconfidence
Which of the following qualities would researchers in psychology ascribe to a “good” theory?
It should organize observations and impolite clear, testable predictions
Researchers cannot generalize findings unless their samples are random. For a sample to be truly random, every member of the entire group has to have an equal chance of being chosen to participate. Which of the following is an example of a random sampling procedure used to pick 100 participants for a research project?
Choose participants from the entire population of interest by putting all the names in a bowl, picking names one at a time until you reach 100, and involving as many of those 100 as possible
You are watching CNN and see an online survey asking for viewers to respond with their view on the Iraq war. Later in the broadcast, the results are posted. Using your critical thinking, you know that these types of surveys are not truly:
Representative and random
If you choose a population sample that gives each person and equal chance of participating, this would be a:
Random sample
A negative correlation between people’s physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that:
Higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health
If two traits accompany each other then the two traits are said to:
Correlate
Unlike correlation, the only way to demonstrate causation is to conduct an:
Experiment
The intention of every laboratory experiment in psychology is to:
Simulate and simplify real life in controlled conditions
Based on the results of laboratory research it is the resulting ______, not the specific findings, that help explain everyday behavior
Principles
The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:
Participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time
A doctor is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. The study begins with an interview, and the doctor is aware that some college students may seem shy in an interview setting, even if they are not usually shy. Before conducting the study, the doctor needs to develop:
Operational definitions for both shyness and short stature
Most of our early knowledge about the brain came from:
Case studies of brain-damaged individuals
Professor carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is professor Carter employing?
Naturalistic observation
If you choose a population sample that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be a:
Random sample
Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students’ self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduce his anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:
Correlation does not prove causation
Research results show that an experimental drug had a minimal to modest effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The hypothesis that 200 mg of this drug will reduce symptoms by 25% as evidenced by the Hamilton anxiety scale needs to be revised by increasing the dosage to 300 mg. The variable that will change in response to the increase is the colon
Dependent variable
Pharmaceutical studies sometimes test their experimental drugs against an already available medication, known as a comparator, to see if the experimental drug works the same as or better than the comparator medication. Those research participants who get assigned to the comparator group would be in the:
Control condition
One weakness of the experimental method is that:
It may not be ethical to manipulate some variables
Professor Garcia would like to study parental spanking and aggressive behavior in children. Which of the following research methods would not be feasible due to ethical problems associated with trying to manipulate the spanking variable?
Experimental method
The ______ is a simple measure of central tendency, which indicates the score or scores that occur most frequently
Mode
Your least favorite fast food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national newspapers. He claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight then do people eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bargraph displaying this information. What should you look for in the bargraph to make sure their claims are accurate?
The scale labels and their range
The _______ is a measure of ______
Standard deviation; variation
Amy has five sisters who are three, three, five, nine, and 10. The number 5 represents the _____ of her sisters’ ages
Median
When trying to interpret a bargraph, do not before. Make sure to check the _____ and note their ______
Scale labels; range
The ______ is a computed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score
Standard deviation
Differences between two samples are most likely to be statistically significant if the samples are:
Large and a standard deviations of the samples are small
Robin is considering leaving college to pursue a career in software development. She is impressed by an article, which shows that some of the most successful entrepreneurs in this field did not complete college. Robin is:
Generalizing from a biased sample
After carrying out the appropriate statistical calculations of their data, the researchers concluded that the probability of obtaining the result, if random factors alone we’re operating, was less than one chance out of a 100. The researchers used _____, and can conclude that the results are ______.
Inferential statistics; statistically significant
Although the initial popularity of phrenology faded, phrenology succeeded in focusing attention on ____, which is the idea that various brain regions have particular formations
Localization of function
Dendrites transmit messages _____ the cell body and axons transmit messages _____ the cell body
Toward; away from
Information is transmitted along the axon:
In the form of a brief electrical impulse
Which scientist referred to the synapse as “protoplasmic kisses?”
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed he has been having trouble remembering several things that were not a problem in the past. Which of the following neurotransmitters is linked to memory?
ACh
The spinal cord is like an information highway that connects the _____ to the brain
Peripheral nervous system
This part of the peripheral nervous system controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles
Somatic
Ron has been drinking water and soda in large quantities, urinating frequently, is always hungry, and is complaining of feeling sick at times. He is diagnosed with Type II diabetes. There is most likely an abnormality with his:
Pancreas
People who engage in extreme sports often do this to feel the rush of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This rush comes from the:
Adrenal glands
The endocrine system is made up of _______ that secrete ______
Glands; hormones
Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhood and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhood. Which of the following brain imaging techniques should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying?
fMRI
Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by an:
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
The doctor is conducting a study in which she is destroying tiny clusters of a rat’s brain to see what type of function and behavior is affected. The technique that the doctor is using is called:
Lesioning
Jason is participating in a study in which he is situated inside a tube shaped machine and asked to look at photographs of people making various facial expressions. The experimenters explain that they are looking at areas of his brain that have increase bloodflow, which indicates higher levels of activity when he looks at the photographs. The device the researchers are utilizing is a:
functional MRI
If a researcher electrically stimulates the ______ in an animal, the animal will immediately wake up and be alert
Reticular formation
This brain structure helps coordinate movement and enables one type of nonverbal learning
Cerebellum
The brain’s oldest and innermost region that is responsible for autonomic make survival functions is called the:
Brainstem
The older brain functions, such as those controlled by the cerebellum, all occur:
Without conscious effort
Hillary just began teaching a class and is trying to memorize the names of her students. Her ability to store these to memory will rely upon the work of her:
Hippocampus
Jaden is terrified of snakes and as he was walking down the street, he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He is immediately frightened, even though he knows what he sees is only a stick. In area of the brain called the ______ is responsible for Jaden’s reaction
Amygdala
Following massive damage to his frontal lobe’s, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by:
Irritability
Marge had a stroke in the underside of the right temporal lobe. Which function is likely to be affected?
Facial recognition
Standing in line at the café, you look for your friend by scanning the faces of the customers as they pick up their coffee. This visual information is being processed in your:
Occipital lobe
Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four lobes. Which lobe processes auditory information?
The temporal lobe
Oscar suffered a severe brain injury in a motorcycle accident and was partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. After several months of intensive physical therapy, he gradually regained the use of his left leg and arm. This example best illustrates the principle of:
Plasticity
Tonya had her left index finger severed in a factory accident. Months later she noticed that the sensitivity of the fingers near the missing finger had increased. This increase sensitivity is caused by:
The area in the somatosensory cortex that once received input for the missing index finger is now receiving input from the adjacent fingers
Dr. house is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What part of the brain my doctor house sever to help reduce his patients’ seizures?
Corpus callosum
Which of the following statements is true about the two hemispheres of the brain?
The right side of the brain helps orchestrate our self awareness
The idea that specific psychological or cognitive functions are process primarily on one side of the brain is called:
Lateralization
Recognizing a person by blocking on his or her name is a common experience. For most people, facial recognition is a ______ hemisphere task, while being able to name a person is a _____ hemisphere verbal memory task
Right; left
While you are reading your text, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and physical location. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:
Consciousness
Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?
Daydreaming
“Yu is daydreaming about her upcoming trip to Europe”
Michael and his girlfriend are listening to a lecture on an author’s travels through Eastern Europe. After listening for an hour Michael becomes drowsy and begins dropping his head forward, until his girlfriend elbows his arm to wake him up. Michael’s drowsiness is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs:
Spontaneously
Which of the following is not a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?
Daydreaming
_______ is the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, including such areas as perception, thinking, memory, and language
Cognitive neuroscience
Which of the following is not a possible explanation of consciousness found by cognitive neuroscientists?
A week stimulus that is below conscious perception will trigger areas of the brain in the same way as a stronger stimulus that is consciously perceived
Cognitive neuroscientists believe that the visual system is a dual processing system in which a _____ enables us “to think about the world”— to recognize things and to plan future actions. And a _____ guides our moment-to-moment movements
Visual perception track; visual action track
______ is a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
Blindsigjt
Dr. Wood is at a faculty party and is tentatively listening to Dr. Craig talk about her latest research on facial recognition when Dr. Wood suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:
The cocktail party effect
Marie was driving home from school and she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she had looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was only looking for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:
Inattentional blindness
______ is periodic, natural loss of consciousness one experiences within a 24 hour period
Sleep
Thinking is at its sharpest and memory most accurate when we are at our daily peak:
In circadian arousal
If you gently wake someone who’s eyes are closed but darting around, there’s about an 80% chance she will:
Report she was in the midst of an interesting dream
Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is false?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound that regulates REM sleep
1 in 10 adults complain of this sleep disorder in which they have nightly problems falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
This sleep disorder occurs within 2 to 3 hours of falling asleep and is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified
Night terrors
Which of the following has not been linked to sleep deprivation and health
Sleep deprivation can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa
Donna is sitting in Freud’s office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of her house and a man with a baseball bat kept getting in and out of the car. After some discussion Freud suggests to Donna that the baseball bat probably symbolizes the man’s penis and the action of repeatedly entering the car probably symbolizes sexual intercourse. The symbolic meaning of the dream that Freud suggested is called the ____ content
Latent
According to ______, dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain’s internally generated signals that could occur repeatedly throughout the process of a night’s sleep
The activation-synthesis (neural activation) model
According to _____, dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories
The information-processing perspective
From age ____ to age _____, The brain’s neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes
3;6; frontal
When a child adapts his or her current understandings to incorporate his or her new experience, this is known as:
Accommodation
During this stage of Piaget’s cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations
Concrete operational
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:
Piaget’s cognitive development theory
Which of the following illustrates egocentrism?
While talking on the phone, a little boy hold up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is
Adam is a three-year-old who happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist’s waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly display signs of:
Secure attachment
This famous experiment by _____ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers
Harlow
Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe an infant’s inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a particular way?
Temperament
According to attachment theory:
The quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant’s ability to thrive physically and psychologically
When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a _____ attachment to the parents; When parents neglect the infant, or inconsistent, or insensitive to the infant’s needs, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents
Secure; insecure
______ is to a girl’s sexual development as _____ is to a boy’s sexual development
Menarche; spermarche
Female breasts are to _____ as male testes are to ______
Secondary sex characteristic; primary sex characteristic
______ Is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Adolescence
In adolescence the growth of ____, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions
Myelin
David is a 13-year-old who tells his mother to not drive so fast and to make a complete stop at the light to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that David’s comments illustrates ______ morality
Conventional
According to Lawrence Kohlberg moral reasoning is defined as the aspect of cognitive development:
That has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the “right man.” She frequently spend nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Jenny is in the stage of development called:
Intimacy versus isolation
Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose
Generativity versus stagnation
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition and his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. Javier is in the phase of life known as:
Emerging adulthood
________ is the period from about age 18 to the mid-20s, when many young people in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet fully achieved independence as adults
emerging adulthood
Jeanette is in her mid-70s and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:
Pneumonia
Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they Do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop and hormones
Menopause
Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Which of the following has research shown can halt or reverse the processes of aging?
Nothing can halt the declines associated with aging
Your grandmother is in her early 80s and is starting to seem frail to you. Which of the following are you likely to notice about her abilities?
Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing
For women experiencing menopause, which of the following influences their perceptions in the emotional impact of this event?
Expectations
Nick is an 11-year-old who has experienced abuse, bullying, and poverty most of his young life. The situation has produced a great deal of stress and anxiety. Due to these experiences Nick is likely to have shortened _____, Which are the biological scores of these experiences in which will lead to a shortened life expectancy
Telomeres
I was Eimers disease strikes _____ percent of the world’s population by age 75
3%
Samantha is 32 years old and unmarried. She is worried that she will not be married early enough to have children. Samantha is feeling pressure from her culture’s established:
Social clock
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:
Experience greater contentment
Which of the following is true about the comparison of the emotional well-being of older adults and younger adults?
Older adults experience more positive feelings, supported by enhanced emotional control
According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of the following is not one of these processes?
Interpret
A professor studies the impact of boredom and fatigue on people’s absolute thresholds. His research is based on:
Signal detection theory
Seth volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when participants will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. Seth taste several bowls of soup and notices that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Seth’s detection of the difference and salt content is an example of detecting the:
Difference threshold
Jeremy tells his friend Carly that he has just found a potato chip that looks like the face of Darth Vader. Carly looks and immediately detects the face. Carly’s detection of the face of Darth Vader is an example of the influence of:
Priming
Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called:
Subliminal perception
Sensory adaptation can be defined as:
Diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation
When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you notice the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
Sensory adaptation
The minute you walk into your mother-in-law’s house for a visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
Sensory adaptation
Both ______ and ______ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception
Perceptual set; context
Shawn just discovered that his roommate’s girlfriend broke up with him. Sean learns that his roommate is studying in the library and goes to find him. He sees his roommate studying and assumes he looks depressed. Sean’s assumption is an example of being influenced by:
A context effect
