Reading Quizzes For Test 1

Question 1

Who was the functionalist who authored the textbook “Principles of Psychology” for the emerging discipline of psychology?

Answer 1

James

Question 2

Who was the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology?

Answer 2

Washburn

Question 3

Compared with the structuralists, early behavioralists were much less likely to focus on the study of:

Answer 3

Thinking

Question 4

Your professor directs a clinic for children and adolescents that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which of the following branches of psychology does this clinic support?

Answer 4

Behaviorism

Question 5

Dr. Jasper specializes in the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with cognition. Dr. Jasper’s area of study is called:

Answer 5

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 6

_______ said that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses

Answer 6

Aristotle

Question 7

Which philosopher said that knowledge is not pre-existing but grows from experiences?

Answer 7

Locke

Question 8

A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ______ perspective

Answer 8

Behavioral

Question 9

Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind?

Answer 9

Introspection

Question 10

Researchers continue to debate the origin of knowledge. Some believe that we are born with certain types of knowledge, while others believe that knowledge is gained through experience. Professor Rizzo believes that children learn language through experiences. This approach is most similar to the ideas of:

Answer 10

Aristotle

Question 11

You have just found out that a married couple you have known since high school is now splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their divorce. Which of the following is the most likely cause for your feeling?

Answer 11

Hindsight bias

Question 12

After the events of 9/11, your friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have forswear the likelihood of this form of terrorism. According to her, all the clues were there. This perception most clearly illustrates:

Answer 12

Hindsight bias

Question 13

The problem with common sense is that it is “after the fact.” In other words, commonsense does not help us:

Answer 13

Predict the future

Question 14

At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own social behaviors. The students reported being 84% confident in their self predictions. However they correctly predicted their own behavior only 71% of the time. This human tendency is known as:

Answer 14

Overconfidence

Question 15

Even in random data we often find order, because random sequences often don’t look _______

Answer 15

Random

Question 16

Tonya was astonished when she flipped a coin 10 times and it came up heads each time. She believed that this was her lucky day and spent $10 on lottery tickets. Tanya’s believe is an example of our tendency to perceive _____, which is an error in thinking.

Answer 16

Order in random events

Question 17

Historically, there have been many examples of “crazy sounding” ideas. The scientific approach for exploring these ideas is to:

Answer 17

Use curious skepticism

Question 18

Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead people to rely too heavily on intuition and commonsense. What can more reliably help answer questions about psychological phenomena?

Answer 18

Scientific attitude

Question 19

You and your best friend are discussing fossil fuel usage, and your friend says that carbon emissions are up by 15%. You ask where he pulled that number from because you:

Answer 19

Are engaging in critical thinking

Question 20

_______ is one phenomenon that illustrates why we should not rely on our intuition and commonsense when trying to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do

Answer 20

Overconfidence

Question 21

Which of the following qualities would researchers in psychology ascribe to a “good” theory?

Answer 21

It should organize observations and impolite clear, testable predictions

Question 22

Researchers cannot generalize findings unless their samples are random. For a sample to be truly random, every member of the entire group has to have an equal chance of being chosen to participate. Which of the following is an example of a random sampling procedure used to pick 100 participants for a research project?

Answer 22

Choose participants from the entire population of interest by putting all the names in a bowl, picking names one at a time until you reach 100, and involving as many of those 100 as possible

Question 23

You are watching CNN and see an online survey asking for viewers to respond with their view on the Iraq war. Later in the broadcast, the results are posted. Using your critical thinking, you know that these types of surveys are not truly:

Answer 23

Representative and random

Question 24

If you choose a population sample that gives each person and equal chance of participating, this would be a:

Answer 24

Random sample

Question 25

A negative correlation between people’s physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that:

Answer 25

Higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of physical health

Question 26

If two traits accompany each other then the two traits are said to:

Answer 26

Correlate

Question 27

Unlike correlation, the only way to demonstrate causation is to conduct an:

Answer 27

Experiment

Question 28

The intention of every laboratory experiment in psychology is to:

Answer 28

Simulate and simplify real life in controlled conditions

Question 29

Based on the results of laboratory research it is the resulting ______, not the specific findings, that help explain everyday behavior

Answer 29

Principles

Question 30

The ethical requirement of informed consent means that:

Answer 30

Participants must be completely informed about the purpose and conditions of the research, and must be free to withdraw from the research at any time

Question 31

A doctor is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. The study begins with an interview, and the doctor is aware that some college students may seem shy in an interview setting, even if they are not usually shy. Before conducting the study, the doctor needs to develop:

Answer 31

Operational definitions for both shyness and short stature

Question 32

Most of our early knowledge about the brain came from:

Answer 32

Case studies of brain-damaged individuals

Question 33

Professor carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is professor Carter employing?

Answer 33

Naturalistic observation

Question 34

If you choose a population sample that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be a:

Answer 34

Random sample

Question 35

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students’ self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduce his anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:

Answer 35

Correlation does not prove causation

Question 36

Research results show that an experimental drug had a minimal to modest effective in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The hypothesis that 200 mg of this drug will reduce symptoms by 25% as evidenced by the Hamilton anxiety scale needs to be revised by increasing the dosage to 300 mg. The variable that will change in response to the increase is the colon

Answer 36

Dependent variable

Question 37

Pharmaceutical studies sometimes test their experimental drugs against an already available medication, known as a comparator, to see if the experimental drug works the same as or better than the comparator medication. Those research participants who get assigned to the comparator group would be in the:

Answer 37

Control condition

Question 38

One weakness of the experimental method is that:

Answer 38

It may not be ethical to manipulate some variables

Question 39

Professor Garcia would like to study parental spanking and aggressive behavior in children. Which of the following research methods would not be feasible due to ethical problems associated with trying to manipulate the spanking variable?

Answer 39

Experimental method

Question 40

The ______ is a simple measure of central tendency, which indicates the score or scores that occur most frequently

Answer 40

Mode

Question 41

Your least favorite fast food restaurant has recently placed a large advertisement in several national newspapers. He claims that people who eat at this restaurant lose more weight then do people eating at a competing restaurant. The advertisement includes a simple bargraph displaying this information. What should you look for in the bargraph to make sure their claims are accurate?

Answer 41

The scale labels and their range

Question 42

The _______ is a measure of ______

Answer 42

Standard deviation; variation

Question 43

Amy has five sisters who are three, three, five, nine, and 10. The number 5 represents the _____ of her sisters’ ages

Answer 43

Median

Question 44

When trying to interpret a bargraph, do not before. Make sure to check the _____ and note their ______

Answer 44

Scale labels; range

Question 45

The ______ is a computed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score

Answer 45

Standard deviation

Question 46

Differences between two samples are most likely to be statistically significant if the samples are:

Answer 46

Large and a standard deviations of the samples are small

Question 47

Robin is considering leaving college to pursue a career in software development. She is impressed by an article, which shows that some of the most successful entrepreneurs in this field did not complete college. Robin is:

Answer 47

Generalizing from a biased sample

Question 48

After carrying out the appropriate statistical calculations of their data, the researchers concluded that the probability of obtaining the result, if random factors alone we’re operating, was less than one chance out of a 100. The researchers used _____, and can conclude that the results are ______.

Answer 48

Inferential statistics; statistically significant

Question 49

Although the initial popularity of phrenology faded, phrenology succeeded in focusing attention on ____, which is the idea that various brain regions have particular formations

Answer 49

Localization of function

Question 50

Dendrites transmit messages _____ the cell body and axons transmit messages _____ the cell body

Answer 50

Toward; away from

Question 51

Information is transmitted along the axon:

Answer 51

In the form of a brief electrical impulse

Question 52

Which scientist referred to the synapse as “protoplasmic kisses?”

Answer 52

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Question 53

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed he has been having trouble remembering several things that were not a problem in the past. Which of the following neurotransmitters is linked to memory?

Answer 53

ACh

Question 54

The spinal cord is like an information highway that connects the _____ to the brain

Answer 54

Peripheral nervous system

Question 55

This part of the peripheral nervous system controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles

Answer 55

Somatic

Question 56

Ron has been drinking water and soda in large quantities, urinating frequently, is always hungry, and is complaining of feeling sick at times. He is diagnosed with Type II diabetes. There is most likely an abnormality with his:

Answer 56

Pancreas

Question 57

People who engage in extreme sports often do this to feel the rush of epinephrine and norepinephrine. This rush comes from the:

Answer 57

Adrenal glands

Question 58

The endocrine system is made up of _______ that secrete ______

Answer 58

Glands; hormones

Question 59

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhood and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhood. Which of the following brain imaging techniques should she use to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying?

Answer 59

fMRI

Question 60

Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by an:

Answer 60

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 61

The doctor is conducting a study in which she is destroying tiny clusters of a rat’s brain to see what type of function and behavior is affected. The technique that the doctor is using is called:

Answer 61

Lesioning

Question 62

Jason is participating in a study in which he is situated inside a tube shaped machine and asked to look at photographs of people making various facial expressions. The experimenters explain that they are looking at areas of his brain that have increase bloodflow, which indicates higher levels of activity when he looks at the photographs. The device the researchers are utilizing is a:

Answer 62

functional MRI

Question 63

If a researcher electrically stimulates the ______ in an animal, the animal will immediately wake up and be alert

Answer 63

Reticular formation

Question 64

This brain structure helps coordinate movement and enables one type of nonverbal learning

Answer 64

Cerebellum

Question 65

The brain’s oldest and innermost region that is responsible for autonomic make survival functions is called the:

Answer 65

Brainstem

Question 66

The older brain functions, such as those controlled by the cerebellum, all occur:

Answer 66

Without conscious effort

Question 67

Hillary just began teaching a class and is trying to memorize the names of her students. Her ability to store these to memory will rely upon the work of her:

Answer 67

Hippocampus

Question 68

Jaden is terrified of snakes and as he was walking down the street, he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He is immediately frightened, even though he knows what he sees is only a stick. In area of the brain called the ______ is responsible for Jaden’s reaction

Answer 68

Amygdala

Question 69

Following massive damage to his frontal lobe’s, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by:

Answer 69

Irritability

Question 70

Marge had a stroke in the underside of the right temporal lobe. Which function is likely to be affected?

Answer 70

Facial recognition

Question 71

Standing in line at the café, you look for your friend by scanning the faces of the customers as they pick up their coffee. This visual information is being processed in your:

Answer 71

Occipital lobe

Question 72

Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four lobes. Which lobe processes auditory information?

Answer 72

The temporal lobe

Question 73

Oscar suffered a severe brain injury in a motorcycle accident and was partially paralyzed on the left side of his body. After several months of intensive physical therapy, he gradually regained the use of his left leg and arm. This example best illustrates the principle of:

Answer 73

Plasticity

Question 74

Tonya had her left index finger severed in a factory accident. Months later she noticed that the sensitivity of the fingers near the missing finger had increased. This increase sensitivity is caused by:

Answer 74

The area in the somatosensory cortex that once received input for the missing index finger is now receiving input from the adjacent fingers

Question 75

Dr. house is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What part of the brain my doctor house sever to help reduce his patients’ seizures?

Answer 75

Corpus callosum

Question 76

Which of the following statements is true about the two hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 76

The right side of the brain helps orchestrate our self awareness

Question 77

The idea that specific psychological or cognitive functions are process primarily on one side of the brain is called:

Answer 77

Lateralization

Question 78

Recognizing a person by blocking on his or her name is a common experience. For most people, facial recognition is a ______ hemisphere task, while being able to name a person is a _____ hemisphere verbal memory task

Answer 78

Right; left

Question 79

While you are reading your text, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and physical location. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

Answer 79

Consciousness

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

Answer 80

Daydreaming

“Yu is daydreaming about her upcoming trip to Europe”

Question 81

Michael and his girlfriend are listening to a lecture on an author’s travels through Eastern Europe. After listening for an hour Michael becomes drowsy and begins dropping his head forward, until his girlfriend elbows his arm to wake him up. Michael’s drowsiness is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs:

Answer 81

Spontaneously

Question 82

Which of the following is not a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?

Answer 82

Daydreaming

Question 83

_______ is the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, including such areas as perception, thinking, memory, and language

Answer 83

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 84

Which of the following is not a possible explanation of consciousness found by cognitive neuroscientists?

Answer 84

A week stimulus that is below conscious perception will trigger areas of the brain in the same way as a stronger stimulus that is consciously perceived

Question 85

Cognitive neuroscientists believe that the visual system is a dual processing system in which a _____ enables us “to think about the world”— to recognize things and to plan future actions. And a _____ guides our moment-to-moment movements

Answer 85

Visual perception track; visual action track

Question 86

______ is a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Answer 86

Blindsigjt

Question 87

Dr. Wood is at a faculty party and is tentatively listening to Dr. Craig talk about her latest research on facial recognition when Dr. Wood suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:

Answer 87

The cocktail party effect

Question 88

Marie was driving home from school and she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she had looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was only looking for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:

Answer 88

Inattentional blindness

Question 89

______ is periodic, natural loss of consciousness one experiences within a 24 hour period

Answer 89

Sleep

Question 90

Thinking is at its sharpest and memory most accurate when we are at our daily peak:

Answer 90

In circadian arousal

Question 91

If you gently wake someone who’s eyes are closed but darting around, there’s about an 80% chance she will:

Answer 91

Report she was in the midst of an interesting dream

Question 92

Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is false?

Answer 92

The suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occurring compound that regulates REM sleep

Question 93

1 in 10 adults complain of this sleep disorder in which they have nightly problems falling or staying asleep

Answer 93

Insomnia

Question 94

This sleep disorder occurs within 2 to 3 hours of falling asleep and is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

Answer 94

Night terrors

Question 95

Which of the following has not been linked to sleep deprivation and health

Answer 95

Sleep deprivation can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of anorexia nervosa

Question 96

Donna is sitting in Freud’s office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of her house and a man with a baseball bat kept getting in and out of the car. After some discussion Freud suggests to Donna that the baseball bat probably symbolizes the man’s penis and the action of repeatedly entering the car probably symbolizes sexual intercourse. The symbolic meaning of the dream that Freud suggested is called the ____ content

Answer 96

Latent

Question 97

According to ______, dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain’s internally generated signals that could occur repeatedly throughout the process of a night’s sleep

Answer 97

The activation-synthesis (neural activation) model

Question 98

According to _____, dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Answer 98

The information-processing perspective

Question 99

From age ____ to age _____, The brain’s neural network is sprouting most rapidly in the _____ lobes

Answer 99

3;6; frontal

Question 100

When a child adapts his or her current understandings to incorporate his or her new experience, this is known as:

Answer 100

Accommodation

Question 101

During this stage of Piaget’s cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations

Answer 101

Concrete operational

Question 102

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

Answer 102

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Question 103

Which of the following illustrates egocentrism?

Answer 103

While talking on the phone, a little boy hold up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is

Question 104

Adam is a three-year-old who happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist’s waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves then returns, he will return periodically to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly display signs of:

Answer 104

Secure attachment

Question 105

This famous experiment by _____ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers

Answer 105

Harlow

Question 106

Which of the following terms is used by psychologists to describe an infant’s inborn predisposition to consistently behave and react in a particular way?

Answer 106

Temperament

Question 107

According to attachment theory:

Answer 107

The quality of attachment plays an important role in determining an infant’s ability to thrive physically and psychologically

Question 108

When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a _____ attachment to the parents; When parents neglect the infant, or inconsistent, or insensitive to the infant’s needs, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents

Answer 108

Secure; insecure

Question 109

______ is to a girl’s sexual development as _____ is to a boy’s sexual development

Answer 109

Menarche; spermarche

Question 110

Female breasts are to _____ as male testes are to ______

Answer 110

Secondary sex characteristic; primary sex characteristic

Question 111

______ Is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 111

Adolescence

Question 112

In adolescence the growth of ____, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions

Answer 112

Myelin

Question 113

David is a 13-year-old who tells his mother to not drive so fast and to make a complete stop at the light to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that David’s comments illustrates ______ morality

Answer 113

Conventional

Question 114

According to Lawrence Kohlberg moral reasoning is defined as the aspect of cognitive development:

Answer 114

That has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions

Question 115

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the “right man.” She frequently spend nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Jenny is in the stage of development called:

Answer 115

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 116

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose

Answer 116

Generativity versus stagnation

Question 117

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition and his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. Javier is in the phase of life known as:

Answer 117

Emerging adulthood

Question 118

________ is the period from about age 18 to the mid-20s, when many young people in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet fully achieved independence as adults

Answer 118

emerging adulthood

Question 119

Jeanette is in her mid-70s and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:

Answer 119

Pneumonia

Question 120

Men do not experience anything equivalent to _____; that is, they Do not experience a cessation in fertility or a sharp drop and hormones

Answer 120

Menopause

Question 121

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Which of the following has research shown can halt or reverse the processes of aging?

Answer 121

Nothing can halt the declines associated with aging

Question 122

Your grandmother is in her early 80s and is starting to seem frail to you. Which of the following are you likely to notice about her abilities?

Answer 122

Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing

Question 123

For women experiencing menopause, which of the following influences their perceptions in the emotional impact of this event?

Answer 123

Expectations

Question 124

Nick is an 11-year-old who has experienced abuse, bullying, and poverty most of his young life. The situation has produced a great deal of stress and anxiety. Due to these experiences Nick is likely to have shortened _____, Which are the biological scores of these experiences in which will lead to a shortened life expectancy

Answer 124

Telomeres

Question 125

I was Eimers disease strikes _____ percent of the world’s population by age 75

Answer 125

3%

Question 126

Samantha is 32 years old and unmarried. She is worried that she will not be married early enough to have children. Samantha is feeling pressure from her culture’s established:

Answer 126

Social clock

Question 127

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to:

Answer 127

Experience greater contentment

Question 128

Which of the following is true about the comparison of the emotional well-being of older adults and younger adults?

Answer 128

Older adults experience more positive feelings, supported by enhanced emotional control

Question 129

According to your text, transduction involves three processes. Which of the following is not one of these processes?

Answer 129

Interpret

Question 130

A professor studies the impact of boredom and fatigue on people’s absolute thresholds. His research is based on:

Answer 130

Signal detection theory

Question 131

Seth volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when participants will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. Seth taste several bowls of soup and notices that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Seth’s detection of the difference and salt content is an example of detecting the:

Answer 131

Difference threshold

Question 132

Jeremy tells his friend Carly that he has just found a potato chip that looks like the face of Darth Vader. Carly looks and immediately detects the face. Carly’s detection of the face of Darth Vader is an example of the influence of:

Answer 132

Priming

Question 133

Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception is called:

Answer 133

Subliminal perception

Question 134

Sensory adaptation can be defined as:

Answer 134

Diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation

Question 135

When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you notice the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

Answer 135

Sensory adaptation

Question 136

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law’s house for a visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

Answer 136

Sensory adaptation

Question 137

Both ______ and ______ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception

Answer 137

Perceptual set; context

Question 138

Shawn just discovered that his roommate’s girlfriend broke up with him. Sean learns that his roommate is studying in the library and goes to find him. He sees his roommate studying and assumes he looks depressed. Sean’s assumption is an example of being influenced by:

Answer 138

A context effect