Reading, Language & Literature Flashcards
Name three reasons to support the following statement: Standard American English is a dynamic language that is constantly changing.
Standard American English is constantly changing due to:
- Modern technology
- Infusion of foreign languages
- Inclusion of slang expressions
What are three factors that inhibit language acquisition?
Insufficient mental, emotional and social growth.
Name at least two techniques an author can use to make a short story more interesting.
- Flashback
- Figurative Language
- Foreshadowing
- Multiple Points of View
What are the stages of reading development? What do they entail? What ages?
- Emergent Reader: Pre-Alphabetic: Early Childhood - PreK: recognize print works, make prediction in stories, “pretend” reads, recognizes letter shapes.
- Beginning Reader: Alphabetic: K-2nd: phonics, phonemic awareness, blending, decoding, spelling, listening, writing.
- Fluent Reader: 4th-8th: Orthographic: fluency in reading, occasionally using decoding skills, using metacognition (thinking about thinking!)
- Remedial Reader: 4th-8th: Lack of Competency: reteaching “beginning reader” strategies, using an individualized plan.
What is a phoneme?
Smallest part of a spoken language. Example: Check = /ch/ /e/ /k/
Give an example of an activity involving Phoneme Manipulation.
Blending, segmenting, adding/subtracting phonemes.
Grapheme
Smallest part of written language that represents a phoneme. (s, k, ch, th)
What is phonemic awareness?
The ability to hear, identify and manipulate individual sounds. The ability to understand that sounds work together to make words.
What is phonological awareness?
In addition to phonemic awareness, it involves awareness activities using rhymes, onsets and rimes (swim = onset (sw) rime (im).
Morpheme
A unit of meaning that cannot be broken down. Example: book
Semantics
Analysis and study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences.
Syntax
Examination of various ways words combine to create meaning (how sentences form, pattern, structure of word order in sentences).
Define holophrase. Give example.
A single word that expresses a complete thought. Example: “Hot”
Define Telegraphic Speech. Give example.
Often a two word sentence spoken by a 2 year old. Using the least amount of words to get the meaning across. Ex: “I cold”
Define phonics.
The understanding that there is a PREDICTABLE relationship between phonemes and graphemes.
Describe good phonics instruction.
Systematic: Plan of instruction which carefully progresses through all letter-sound relationships.
Explicit: Teachers are given and use precise directions for teaching phonics at certain grade levels.
What is one criticism of phonics instruction?
English spelling is too irregular to be taught systematically.
Define fluency.
The ability to read a text accurately, at an appropriate pace, and with appropriate expression.
Name at least three things a teacher can do to encourage fluency in the classroom.
- Model fluent reading
- Have students read aloud the same text REPEATEDLY
- Frequently assess child’s reading level (they should not be misreading more than 1 in 20 words)
- Use a variety of reading material (nonfiction, poetry, fairy tales, etc.)
What marks an “easy” “challenging” or “difficult” text?
Easy - reader error is 1/20
Challenging - reader error is 1/10
Difficult - reader error is more than 1/10
Name at least three reading aloud exercises.
- Student/Adult Reading
- Choral Reading
- Tape-Assisted Reading
- Partner Reading
- Readers’ Theatre
How can a teacher support vocabulary instruction in class?
- Provide repeated exposure to vocab words
- Use word parts (prefixes/suffixes)
- Use context clues
- Use dictionaries/reference aids
How can a teacher encourage text comprehension?
- Ask questions about text
- Ask students to summarize
- Ask students to make predictions
- Use graphic and semantic organizers
- Ask students to connect the reading to something in their personal lives.
- Model or “think aloud” how you would like the students to think about the text.
Name the stages of writing.
- Prewriting
- Drafting
- Revising
- Editing
- Proofreading