Human Development

Question 0

What is scaffolding and who developed the concept?

Answer 0

Vygotsky. Providing a temporary support system for children until they are able to perform on their own.

Question 1

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development? Describe them.

Answer 1

1. Sensorimotor: 0-2 years - PHYSICAL, REACTIVE
2. Pre-operational: 2-7 years - EGOCENTRIC
3. Concrete operational: 7-11 years - LOGIC
4. Formal operationals: 11+ years - ABSTRACT THOUGHT

Question 2

What is functional play?

Answer 2

Repeating simple muscular movements - most common from infancy to 2 years.

Question 3

What is constructive play?

Answer 3

Involves the use of making objects into something (ex. blocks). Usually observed in toddlers and preschool children.

Question 4

Define seriation.

Answer 4

Per Piaget, it is the skill that is required for a child to arrange objects in a logical progression (such as sticks from shortest to longest). This skill is usually mastered by age 7.

Question 5

Define centration.

Answer 5

The inability to focus on more than one thing at a time. Not mastered until age 7.

Question 6

Define imaginary play.

Answer 6

Play that transforms the natural world into symbols. Ex. Tea Party!

Question 7

Define prosocial behavior. When can this first develop?

Answer 7

Involves the act of volunteering efforts to help someone or to share with someone else. Preschool.

Question 8

Define conservation.

Answer 8

The idea that allows a child to recognize that when altering the appearance of an object, the basic properties do not change.

Question 9

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation, according to Piaget? Give an example of each.

Answer 9

Assimilation = fitting new knowledge into a template of existing schemes. Ex: Calling a lion "doggie"
Accommodation = taking existing schemes and adjusting them to fit their experience. Ex: Using a piano versus a keyboard (needs electricity!)

Question 10

How does Causal Reasoning change over time?

Answer 10

Levels:

1. Age 3: Reality is defined by appearance.
2. Age 5: Child appeals to all-powerful force.
3. Age 7: Child appeals to causes in nature.
4. Age 10: Child now approaches an adult explanation.

Question 11

What is transitive inference?

Answer 11

The ability to draw a conclusion about a relationship between two objects based on their relationship to a third object.

Question 12

What is the difference between “transductive reasoning”, “inductive reasoning” and “hypothetical-deductive reasoning”?

Answer 12

1. Inductive Reasoning - Drawing conclusions from specific examples to make a general conclusion, even when the conclusion is not right.
2. Transductive Reasoning - Drawing conclusions from specific examples whether or not their is a logical causal relationship.
3. Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning - Drawing conclusions by mentally forming a systematic and logical plan to work out the right solution after considering all consequences.

Question 13

What is a “schema”?

Answer 13

The way children mentally represent and organize the world.

Question 14

What are Kohlberg’s Developmental Stages of Moral Judgement?

Answer 14

Level 1: Preconventional (4-10): Kids make “moral” decisions based on consequences.
Level 2: Conventional (10-13): Kids make “moral” decisions to please others, peers. They are developing an idea of what makes a good person.
Level 3: Postconvential (13-Adult): Morality is judged in terms of abstract principles that are formed internally. Some adults never reach this stage, haha!

Question 15

Explain the theory that thought development is determined by language. Who’s theory is this?

Answer 15

Vygotsky. One must be able to put thoughts into words in order for a logical and organized thought process to emerge.

Question 16

According to Noam Chomsky, children are prewired to learn language. List the universal language development milestones.

Answer 16

0-1 year old: Cooing, crying, babbling sounds, consonant-vowel patterned strings.
1-1.5 years old: First words, simple monosyllabic words. Mama, byebye.
1.5-2 years old: First sentences (2 words) are spoken. Grammar is beginning to be understood but not vocalized.
3-4 years old: Learns 8-9 words EVERY day. Average vocab is 1000 words. Private speech starts. Longer, more complicated sentences.
5-7 years old: Why? questions!! Average vocab is 2500 words, but child can speak about 8000-1400 words. Speech is more adult-like.

Question 17

Name 2 traditional IQ tests.

Answer 17

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5): 2-85

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV): 6-16

Question 18

Name two Multiple Intelligence Tests.

Answer 18

1. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence (8 types of intelligence)

2. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Analytical, Creative, Practical)

Question 19

A student confuses left and right and sometimes skips or reverses words. What might they be struggling with?

Answer 19

Visual-Perceptual Disability (dyslexia)

Question 20

Describe a student with a Auditory-Perceptual Disability.

Answer 20

A student has difficulty distinguishing the differences in sounds and struggle to follow classroom pace as they are having trouble deciphering sounds and words. Sometimes they seem like they are not paying attention.

Question 21

A student is extremely clumsy and has unusual difficultly with coordination. What might he/she be struggling with?

Answer 21

Perceptual-Motor Disability

Question 22

Name a few guidelines for working with a student with a learning disability.

Answer 22

1. Be consistent
2. Model appropriate behavior
3. Talk slowly and make eye contact
4. Divide assignments into smaller tasks and encourage hands on instruction.

Question 23

Who pioneered the “classical conditioning” model? What is it?

Answer 23

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson. Behavior is learned based upon repetition, association and anticipation.

Question 24

What is “operant conditioning” and who gave it that name?

Answer 24

B.F. Skinner. A behavior elicits either a reinforced reward or a punishment.

Question 25

Describe the 5 Psychosocial Stages. Who developed these stages?

Answer 25

Erik Erikson

1. Basic trust versus mistrust - 1.5 years old
2. Autonomy versus shame/doubt - 1.5-3.5 years old
3. Initiative versus guilt - 3.5-6 years old
4. Industry versus inferiority - 6-12 years old
5. Identity versus role confusion - 12-18 years old

Question 26

Describe Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory.

Answer 26

1. Children construct their knowledge through society.
2. Child’s cognitive growth is a shared process with adults.
3. Zone of Proximal Development
4. Scaffolding

Question 27

Describe Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

Answer 27

Emphasizes the value of learning through observation, imitation, rehearsing positive social interactions.

Question 28

What are the four patterns of attachment and who identified them?

Answer 28

Mary Ainsworth.

1. Secure Attachment
2. Anxious-Resistant Attachment
3. Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
4. Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

Question 29

Who theorized that thought development is determined by language?

Answer 29

Vygotsky

Question 30

Who theorized that children are prewired to learn language?

Answer 30

Chomsky

Question 31

What is Bandura known for?

Answer 31

The social learning theory - the value of learning through observation. Kids imitate the behavior that the observe, and this profoundly impacts their social development and construction of personality.