Reading Grammar Mandarin IIC Flashcards

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1
Q

[date] + 底/末

[date] + 初

A
  • the end of (date)

- the beginning of (date)

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2
Q

到 X (為)止

A

until X

- indicates the end point of a process over a course of time

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3
Q

高達 X

A

attain a height of X, be as high as X

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4
Q

更加 X

A

even more X, still more X

- X cannot be monosyllabic

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5
Q

在 X 看來

A

according to X, in X’s opinion

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6
Q

與其 X 不如 Y (來得 adj)

A

rather than X, Y

- after balancing pros and cons, Y is the preference, which can be clarified with the part at the end

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7
Q

提到

説到

A

to mention

  • used at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a topic
  • the latter is more spoken style
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8
Q

凡是 X,都 Y

A

fan2shi
every X, does Y
all X, has Y

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9
Q

verb + 出

A
  • indicates how a result is brought about because of a related action
  • preferably has no object behind it, therefore often passive or with 把 construction, however it is not incorrect to have an object behind it
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10
Q

verb + 於

ex. 位於,生於

A

serves to indicate the time or place that the action takes place

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11
Q

既 X, 也 Y

既 X, 又 Y

A

not only X, but also Y

- second one is only with adjectives

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12
Q

X(,) 為的是 Y

X(,) 是為了 Y

A

X is for the purpose of Y

- used to introduce a purpose after the action

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13
Q

才 X ,就 Y

A

only X, already Y

  • used to convey that a certain event or action is taking place sooner, quicker or easier than expected
  • X = a numeral phrase or verb phrase that indicates the short length of time or low amount involved
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14
Q

X 出頭

A

a little over X

- usually X is 十,百,千,萬,億

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15
Q

大 + Verb + numeral + Measure word

  • 大吵幾回
  • 大吃一頓
  • 大罵一頓
A

to do/have something big

  • to have a couple of fights
  • to have a huge meal
  • to call someone everything under the sun
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16
Q

只是

A

merely, just

- sometimes can also indicate one being stubbornly persistent in doing something, ‘but’ is here a better translation

17
Q

何況

A

moreover; let alone

- it can be used to introduce an additional reason

18
Q

X 由 Y

A

X is being done by Y

X is from Y

19
Q

不過(是)

A

just, merely

- often combined with 就 when 不過 is followed by a numeral phrase

20
Q
  1. 除非 X 否則 Y

2. 除非 X 否則不 Y

A
  1. unless X, Y

2. unless X, otherwise Y cannot

21
Q

常常

往往

A

first one means ‘often’, second one means ‘usually’ or ‘always’
- second one expresses that something is bound to happen given certain circumstances

22
Q
  1. X 是 Y 的 【number】 倍

2. X 比 Y 多/高/大 【number】 倍

A
  1. X is [number] times Y
  2. X is [number] times more/higher/larger than Y
    - in the first construction 一倍 and 兩倍 both mean ‘double’
23
Q

A

indicating a large amount

24
Q

照這樣 X 下去

A

if X continues like this

- indicates that if the action goes on in this way, it will lead to a particular outcome

25
Q

  • 1. 可能性
    2. 普遍性
A
  • ity, -ness
  • is usually attached to a noun or an adjective to form a noun phrase
    1. possible –> possibility
    2. universal –> universality
  • will often have 具有 before the noun phrase with 性
26
Q

  • 1. 相當於
    2. 等於
    3. 處於
    4. 位於
A

in, at, to, than

  1. to be equal to, to be well-matched
  2. to be equal to, to be equivalent to
  3. to be in a certain position or state
  4. to be located in/at, to be situated in/at
27
Q

便

A

then, thus

28
Q

早在 X 就 Y

A

as soon/early as X, Y happened

- used only when talking about the past

29
Q

X 佔 Y。。。

A

X takes up Y …

X takes up … of Y

30
Q

不禁

忍不住

A

cannot but, cannot refrain from

- first one is more formal written style

31
Q

numeral 1 比 numeral 2

A

numeral 1 to numeral 2

- indicates a ratio, usually at the end of a sentence

32
Q

從而

A

thus, thereby, so that

- used in the second clause to introduce the result on the basis of the preceding sentences