Reading Grammar Mandarin IIB Flashcards
X以Y為Z
- X takes Y as Z
- X regards Y as Z
則,而
- Both mean: whereas, while, etc.
- the first is placed in the middle of a sentence, before the predicate
- the second is at the beginning of a sentence
field of expertise + 家
an expert in that field, -ist
所Verb的Noun
- the noun that is being verbed.
- the noun has to be the object of the verb
adj/noun + 化
adj/noun + -ize, -ify, -ing
- the last one creates a verb
關於X
- about X
- on X
- with regard to X
- concerning X
對X而言
對X來説
- regarding X
- as far as X is concerned
- first one is formal and the second one informal
一是
二是
三是
etc.
first
second
third
etc.
首先 其次 再次 再次 。。。 最後
firstly secondly thirdly fourthly ... and finally - when presenting points for an argument
經過
通過
- to go through a structure
- to go through effort to reach an agreement
- puts emphasis on the means of getting somewhere
- to pass by, to pass through
- to have passed something, to go through time or experience
算(是)
- to be considered as
此外
除此之外
除此以外
besides, in addition
- used to provide additional information or an additional point in an argument
針對
directed against, aimed at, targeted at, intended for
- serves to introduce an object, indicating the object is the target or aim of an action
換句話説
換言之
in other words
- first one is less formal than the second one
來自
come from
- indicates the origin of a person or an event
之類的
and the like, things like that
- when enumerating or describing things that have similar characteristics, this word is used to indicate the enumeration has reached the end
- puts emphasis on the similarities between the things mentioned and referred to
等(等)
and so on, etc.
為X設立Y
- established Y, for X
- for X, Y has been established
在X的現狀下
在X的情況下
under the current conditions/circumstance of X
隨著X,Y
- along with X, Y
- the state of X is changing, and so is Y
- sometime with 而 before Y
X以Y。。。Z
X拿Y。。。Z
X用Y。。。Z
- X does Z with Y
- X uses Y to do Z
- first one is formal, others are more spoken
(再)加上
in addition, moreover
- introduces one more factor
- serves to strengthen the speakers argument
並且
- and, moreover, furthermore
- can connect clauses and verbal phrases
X為Y帶來Z
X給Y帶來Z
- X creates Z for Y
- doing X makes Z for Y
- first one is formal, second colloquial
不僅X也Y
不但X也Y
not only X, but also Y
- first one is formal, second is colloquial
不(是)X 而(是)Y
- not X, but Y
- implies contrast
將
formal version of 把
Noun + (沒)有人
some/no one is at the Noun
毫 + negation
並 + negation
- not at all
X沒有Y Adj
X is not as Adj as Y
差不多
差一點
- almost
- first one can also mean approximately
大約X
X左右
差不多X OR X差不多
- approximately x
- about X
- the last one is more colloquial
sentence with 一,sentence with 就
… as soon as … , … then …