Reading Grammar Mandarin IIB Flashcards
X以Y為Z
- X takes Y as Z
- X regards Y as Z
則，而
- Both mean: whereas, while, etc.
- the first is placed in the middle of a sentence, before the predicate
- the second is at the beginning of a sentence
field of expertise + 家
an expert in that field, -ist
所Verb的Noun
- the noun that is being verbed.
- the noun has to be the object of the verb
adj/noun + 化
adj/noun + -ize, -ify, -ing
- the last one creates a verb
關於X
- about X
- on X
- with regard to X
- concerning X
對X而言
對X來説
- regarding X
- as far as X is concerned
- first one is formal and the second one informal
一是
二是
三是
etc.
first
second
third
etc.
首先 其次 再次 再次 。。。 最後
firstly secondly thirdly fourthly ... and finally - when presenting points for an argument
經過
通過
- to go through a structure
- to go through effort to reach an agreement
- puts emphasis on the means of getting somewhere
- to pass by, to pass through
- to have passed something, to go through time or experience
算（是）
- to be considered as
此外
除此之外
除此以外
besides, in addition
- used to provide additional information or an additional point in an argument
針對
directed against, aimed at, targeted at, intended for
- serves to introduce an object, indicating the object is the target or aim of an action
換句話説
換言之
in other words
- first one is less formal than the second one
來自
come from
- indicates the origin of a person or an event
之類的
and the like, things like that
- when enumerating or describing things that have similar characteristics, this word is used to indicate the enumeration has reached the end
- puts emphasis on the similarities between the things mentioned and referred to
等（等）
and so on, etc.
為X設立Y
- established Y, for X
- for X, Y has been established
在X的現狀下
在X的情況下
under the current conditions/circumstance of X
隨著X，Y
- along with X, Y
- the state of X is changing, and so is Y
- sometime with 而 before Y
X以Y。。。Z
X拿Y。。。Z
X用Y。。。Z
- X does Z with Y
- X uses Y to do Z
- first one is formal, others are more spoken
(再）加上
in addition, moreover
- introduces one more factor
- serves to strengthen the speakers argument
並且
- and, moreover, furthermore
- can connect clauses and verbal phrases
X為Y帶來Z
X給Y帶來Z
- X creates Z for Y
- doing X makes Z for Y
- first one is formal, second colloquial
不僅X也Y
不但X也Y
not only X, but also Y
- first one is formal, second is colloquial
不（是）X 而（是）Y
- not X, but Y
- implies contrast
將
formal version of 把
Noun + （沒）有人
some/no one is at the Noun
毫 + negation
並 + negation
- not at all
X沒有Y Adj
X is not as Adj as Y
差不多
差一點
- almost
- first one can also mean approximately
大約X
X左右
差不多X OR X差不多
- approximately x
- about X
- the last one is more colloquial
sentence with 一，sentence with 就
… as soon as … , … then …
不Verb而Verb
not Verb, but Verb
Subject + 好不容易（才）+ Verb
- after much trouble
- with great effort
一MW一MW（地）
one by one
(並）不是X而是Y
not (at all) X, but Y
(X) 跟 Y 比起來
if X and Y:
- if you compare X with Y, then…
if only Y:
- compared to Y
即使X, subject 也 Y
算是X, subject 也 Y
- even if X, subject will do Y
- first one is more formal
就是X也Y
就算X也Y
- even if X, then Y
任何 + Noun + 都 + negation
- there is not a single noun that ….
再也 + negation X 了
- never do X again
不是不Verb
isn’t it the case that Verb
由 X Verb
- be verbed by X
- by X verbed
何必。。。（呢）
there is no need, why
- marks a rhetorical question
可 + negation
並 + negation
really not, certainly not, not at all
倒（是）
but, on the contrary, then again
X 分之 Y
Y out of X
- used for fractions and percentages
整 + MW +Noun
全 + Noun
- the whole noun
- the entire noun
一 adj 一 adj
one is adj, and one is adj
- the adj are often monosyllabic and contrastive
越X越Y
the more X, the more Y
任何
any, whatever
- can be followed by: 的 Noun
X 的中文怎麽説
how do i say X in Chinese?
verb 起來
- seems like Verb
- looks like Verb
- Verb like…
X 跟/和 Y 差不多（一樣）
X is about the same as Y
- marks similarity or approximation
寧願 X 也不願 Y
寧可 X 也不願 Y
would rather X, than Y
- expresses preference, but neither is ideal
像 X 一樣
like X, similar to X
X 比 Y adjective
X 比 Y 更 adjective
X 比 Y adjective 得多/多了
X 和/跟 Y 一樣 adjective
- X is [adjective] than Y
- X is even [adjective] than Y
- X is very [adjective] than Y
- X and Y are the same [adjective]
不知（道）+ question
i/one wonder(s) if
- makes a question less direct and more impersonal
adj + 得不得了
extremely adj
請你再 X 一次
please do X again
adj + 得要命
terribly/extremely adj
如果 X 的話 Y
要是 X 的話 Y
if X, then Y
表面上 X，實際上 Y
on the surface X, but in reality Y
因為 X 所以 Y
既然 X 就 Y
since X, therefore Y
- first one is objective and the second more emotional
好是好
you admit something is good, but you want to clarify something
Verb 上
- succeed in verbing
- verb into (literal or figurative)
本來 X 結果 Y
originally X, but in the end Y
Verb 來 Verb 去
continuous action
一方面 X,（另）一方面 Y
- on the one hand X, one the other hand Y
- while X, also/furthermore Y
X 而不 Y
X but not Y
又 X 又 Y
既 X 又 Y
both X and Y
- X and Y have to be either both be positive or both be negative and have the same amount of syllables
- the second one is more formal
the basic complements:
見，到，完，錯
the basic complements:
- you register and received the information
- you finished/completed the verb
- the action had arrived at the goal that you aimed for
- the result of the verb is a mistake or the verb is done by mistake
adj 地說
saying something in an [adj] way
辛虧 X 要不然 Y
辛好 X 要不然 Y
還好 X 要不然 Y
fortunately X, otherwise Y
- the last one is colloquial
adj 的是
the [adj] thing is
- emphasizes the adjective
受（到）X（的）verb
be verbed by X
所有的 X
完全的 X
all X
在 X 上
- on X
- when it comes to X
- in the case of X
X 比不上 Y
X cannot compare to Y, X be no match for Y
- does not mean it’s impossible to compare X and Y, but that Y is clearly better
一 X, 就
as soon as X
MW + MW + 都
every single one
由於 X（的關係）
- owing to X
- as a result of X
- due to X
- because (of) X
因為 X 而 Y
to do Y in the circumstances of X
