Reading & English Subtest I Flashcards
Decoding words while reading aloud is an example of
Reading accuracy
Ability to read with ease and automaticity
Fluency
Stage:
Interest in conversation
Ability to self correct
Intermediate fluency
Poetry
Role of emotion
Line structure
Stanza Structure
Emotion - Designed to appeal to the physical & emotional senses
Line structure - any length, any metrical pattern, determined by how it is written on the page
Stanza structure - group of lines, each group denotes a relationship among the lines
One principle of both first - and second - language acquisition is that learning a first or second language occurs:
in predictable stages and patterns of development.
cross-linguistic and cross-cultural research – they exhibit common patterns of language development.
Beginning Stages of Writing
- Drawing pictures - conveys thoughts & feelings
- scribble stage
- learning the alphabet and writing left to right
- written words - not complete, but usually correct beginning and end with attempts at vowels
- writing, spelling will be phonetic
Fiction vs. Non-Fiction
Fiction - literary work usually presented as prose that is not true
Non-Fiction - literary work that is based on fact
facts and opinions
Facts - statements that can be verified through research; who, what, when, why, where
Opinions - personal views
Literacy
Ability to read and write, identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying context.
Subset includes phonological awareness, decoding, comprehension and vocabulary
Short Story
prose fiction that has the same elements as a novel, plot, characters and point of view
Vocabulary Development
- calling on a student’s prior knowledge and making comparisons
- defining a word and providing multiple examples of the use
- showing how to use context clues to discover the meaning
- providing instruction on prefixes, roots and suffixes
- showing how to use a dictionary or thesaurus
- studying a group of words related to a single subject
POV:
Detached narrator all-knowing
One character perspective
Includes thoughts and feelings
He, she, it, they
Third person LIMITED omniscient
Name some causes of Language Delays
- inadequate language stimulation
- delayed general development
- family who often talks for the child
- medical/physical problems
- family history of language delay
- learning disabilities
- autism spectrum disorder
Study of the relationship btwn the spoken sounds in words and printed letters that correspond to those sounds
(Letter-sound correspondence)
Phonics
3 key indicators of fluency
Accuracy
Rate
Prosody
Understanding of how sounds, syllables, words and word parts can be manipulated to break apart words, make new words and create rhymes
Phonological awareness
Three steps in the Listening Process
receiving, attending, assigning meaning
3 ways an explanation can be presented in definition paragraphs or essays
- definition by synonym
- definition by class
- definition by negation
General Teaching Strategies to help ESL students
1-Partner them up 2-Encourage questions 3-Dictate key sentences 4- Alternate difficult/easy tasks 5-label
Literal Comprehension
Inferential Comprehension
Evaluative Comprehension
Literal: recognizing:
- facts
- main ideas
- supporting details
- sequence of events
- cause-and-effect relationships
Inferential: figuring out (inferring) ideas/relationships that aren’t explicitly stated
Evaluative: requires the reader to move beyond the text to consider what they think and believe in relation to the message in the text.
Basic idea of what the author wants to convey
Expresses underlying OPINION related to texts subject
Theme
Basic underlying idea of the text
Major focus of info provided in text
To determine: identify main points and decide which one is supported by all points and details
Central idea
Literal vs. Critical Comprehension
Literal - refers to the skills a reader uses to deal with the actual words in a text. Identify topic sentence, main idea important facts, and sequencing of events
Critical - involves prior knowledge and an understanding that written material, especially nonfiction, is the authors version of the subject. Involves analysis of meaning, evaluation, validation, questioning and reasoning skills
5 spelling and reading patterns
- emergent speller (reader)
- letter name-alphabetic spelling (beginning reader)
- within word pattern spelling (transitional reader)
- syllables and affixes spelling (intermediate reader)
- derivational relations spelling (advanced reader)
_ are added to words or roots to change their meaning
Affixes
POV:
Perspective is from an external you
Second person
_ syllables vowel and remaining consonants
Ex: block -ock
Rime
For a beginning reader to succeed in recognizing the meaning of the word that the reader has just decoded - which of the following must be true:
the word is already part of the reader’s oral vocabulary.
Listening skills children should develop
- follow oral instruction consistently
- actively listen to peers & teachers
- avoid distracting behaviors
- respond to listening activities and exhibit ability to discuss, illustrate or write about the activity
- respond to listening activities and exhibit ability to identify themes, ideas, etc.
- respond to persuasive speaker and exhibit ability to analyze and evaluate credibility
- demonstrate appropriate social behavior while part of an audience
Text leveling determined by professional judgments of educators who match text based on student needs
Reader and task considerations
Metacognition
thinking about thinking. Taking an active role in reading
taking control of their own learning process, self-monitoring progress, evaluating effectiveness of strategy and making adjustments as needed.
Awareness, Planning, Self monitoring and reflecting
Alphabetic principle
use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds
POV:
One character tells story from their direct experience
“I, my, mine, we”
First person
Separate each phoneme in a word
**produce the sounds they hear in the word
Phoneme segmentation
Narrative Theme -
thread that ties all elements of the story together and gives them purpose. central idea of a work. The theme is not the subject of a work, but what a work says about a subject and must be universal
Prepositional phrase
A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (“across the bridge”, “toward the sunset”)
Emergent Literacy
The critical stage of language development between birth and the early elementary school years helps prepare children with the skills important for conventional literacy
5 stages of second language acquisition
Prepare Every Second In All you do
Preproduction. 500 Early production 1000 Speech emergence 3000 Intermediate fluency 6000 Advanced fluency
Invalid arguments - 4 types
- ad hominem - attacks person’s character or behavior
- hasty generalization - condemnation of a group based on the behavior of one person or a part
- faulty causation - assigning wrong cause to an event
- bandwagon effect - everyone is doing, must be right
important for reader to be able to identify various types of invalid arguments ot prevent being deceived and making faulty conclusions
