Reading Development: Foundational Skills Flashcards
the reader’s ability to correctly pronounce words
Accuracy (when reading)
stage of second language acquisition in which the learner has reached a level of near-native proficiency
Advanced Fluency
a letter or letters that change a root word’s meaning
Affix
a set of basic written symbols, or letters, that represent the phonemes of a language
Alphabet
The ability to recognize, name, and write letters.
Alphabetic Knowledge
The understanding that there is a logical/systematic relationship between the sounds of spoken English and the letters and letter-patterns of written English.
Alphabetic Principle
a writing system in which there is a symbol for each consonant and vowel
Alphabetic Writing System
an approach to phonics instruction in which students use knowledge of word patterns to decode new words
Analogy-Based Phonics Approach
a common approach to phonics instruction in which students are taught to recognize whole words by sight and then to break down words into smaller units of sound
Analytic Phonics Approach
a teacher plays an audio recording of a book or show an animated illustration of a book while students read along
Audio/Video-Assisted Reading
the ability to read words effortlessly
Automaticity
information or experience that the students have prior to learning (schema or prior knowledge)
Background Knowledge
type of morpheme that can appear only as part of a larger word
Bound Morpheme
the action of starting a word with a capital letter to signify a certain characteristic
Capitalization
Students first listens to the teacher read a short passage aloud, and then the class and the teacher all read it aloud at the same time
Choral/Echo Reading
syllable that ends with a consonant; vowel has its short sound
Closed Syllable
Words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation.
Cognates
two complete words that have joined together to form one word with a new meaning
Compound Words
two or more consonants that blend together when decoded, but each retains its own sound
Consonant Blend
two consonants that make a single consonant sound when together in a word
Consonant Digraph
words that follow common letter/sound correspondence rules and can be “sounded out”
Decodable Word
use of surrounding information in a text to help determine a word
Contextual Analysis
being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms
Decoding
an affix that changes the root or base word into a new word
Derivational Affix
Assessment administered before instruction to determine students’ strengths and weaknesses
Diagnostic Assessment / Pre-Assessment
one vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds
Diphthong
the direction in which a language is read
Directionality
the 220 most frequently used words that are considered basic level to the reading of a first or second grader in English
Dolch Word List
stage of second language acquisition in which the learner is listening and absorbing new information and collecting new words
Early Production
an approach to phonics instruction that involves implicitly teaching through reading or in context
Embedded Phonics Approach
using individual sounds to spell a word
Encode
Students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language
English Language Learners (ELLs)
ELL student expectations and proficiency level descriptors in the areas of reading, writing, listening, and speaking
English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS)
the study of the origin and history of words
Etymology
A consonant + -le syllable occurs at the end of a word.
Final Stable Syllable
type of morpheme that can stand alone or can appear with other morphemes in a lexeme
Free/Unbound Morpheme
the 100 most frequently occurring words in the English language; often used for sight word instruction
Fry Word List
A symbol, letter, or the combination of letters that represents a single sound.
Grapheme
use of letter sounds and spelling patterns to decipher new words
Graphophonic Cue
a tool for assessing a students mastery of oral language skills
Growth Chart
a word that appears often in grade-level text
High-Frequency Word
words that are pronounced the same as another word but have a different meaning and may be spelled differently
Homophones
an affix that changes the form of the root or base word
Inflectional Affix
stage of second language acquisition in which the learner begins to communicate in more complex sentences
Intermediate Fluency
Promotes reading and writing through the use of personal experiences and oral language; Materials are learner-generated.
Language Experience Approach (LEA)
differences between a learner’s native language and the language being learned, which can cause confusion in the acquisition of the new language
Language Interference
process that occurs when students who are learning a new language transfer knowledge from L1 to L2
Language Transfer
the ability to name the letters in the alphabet and identify the characteristics of each letter
Letter Recognition
knowing what sound(s) each letter makes
Letter-Sound Correspondence
A strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text.
Literature Circles
a writing system in which characters represent words or phrases
Logographic Writing System
when a vowel sounds like its name
Long Vowel
the teacher demonstrated a concept or skill and students learn by observing
Modeling
a combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divid3ed into smaller grammatical parts
Morpheme
the study of forms of words
Morphology
in a syllable, everything that comes before the vowel
Onset
the ability to hear and understand that the sound(s) before the vowel in a syllable is the onset, and the vowel and everything that comes after it in a syllable is the rime
Onset and Rime Production
syllable that ends in a vowel; the vowel has its long sound
Open Syllable
questions that require more than a simple “yes” or “no” response and promote whole class and small group discussion
Open-Ended Question
The system that relates sounds to meanings through communicating by word of mouth.
Oral Language
Listen to, analyze, and record brief episodes of students’ oral language to assess needs, strengths, interests, and next steps to support growth
Oral Language Assessment
the application of a grammar rule in a place where it does not apply
Overgeneralization
students read semi-independently in pairs or small groups
Partner / Small Group Reading
the smallest individual sounds in a word
Phoneme
the ability to make a new word by adding a phoneme to an existing word
Phoneme Addition
the ability to blend two sounds to make a word
Phoneme Blending
the ability to recognize and understand a word or sound(s) that remain when a phoneme is removed
Phoneme Deletion
the ability to hear and recognize the individual sound in words
Phoneme Isolation
the ability to perform phoneme deletion, addition, and substitution
Phoneme Manipulation
the ability to break down a word into separate sounds, as they say and count each sound
Phoneme Segmentation
the ability to substitute one phoneme for a different one
Phoneme Substitution
the ability to hear, identify, and re-create individual sounds in spoken words
Phonemic/Sound Awareness
Using the relationship between symbols and sounds of a language to read and write
Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle
the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables, and sounds in spoken language apart from print
Phonological Awareness
the understanding and ability to hear individual words, syllables, and sounds in spoken language apart from print
Phonological Awareness
adding slashes into a text to mark the ends of phrases or natural pauses
Phrase-Cued Reading
occurs when L1 knowledge facilitates the acquisition of L2
Positive Language Transfer
stage of second language acquisition in which the learner takes in new language, but doesn’t speak it
Pre-Production/Silent Period
A letter or letters at the beginning of a root word that changes its meaning
Prefix
The general rules governing text
Print Concepts
periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
Progress Monitoring
the reader’s ability to convey expression
Prosody
the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.
Punctuation
Syllable that contains a vowel followed by the letter r; the r controls the vowel and changes the way the vowel is pronounced
R-Controlled Syllable
a vowel followed by the letter r where the “r” that doesn’t make its normal short or long sound
R-Controlled Vowel
A strategy in which a teacher directs students in a dramatic enactment of a play or book
Reader’s Theater
he ability to read with appropriate speed accuracy, and prosody
Reading Fluency
Students reread a familiar text to increase their rate, prosody, and confidence
Rereading Familiar Text
the ability first to hear words that rhyme and then to be able to produce a rhyme(s)
Rhyme Awareness / Rhyming
in a syllable, the vowel and everything after it
Rime
Base words to which prefixes, suffixes, and syllables can be added
Root
Use of word, symbol, or speech meanings to comprehend a text
Semantic Cue
Common sentence starters provided to students to use when generalizing, summarizing, or transitioning between ideas.
Sentence Stems
strategy that allows a teacher to model strong reading skills
Shared Reading
the sound that most often corresponds to a vowel when the v
Short Vowel
word that cannot be decoded because it doesn’t follow standard phonics rules and must be recognized by sight
Sight Word
the approach taken when teaching high frequency, often irregular words to early readers
Sight Word Instruction
stage of second language acquisition in which the learner speaks more frequently using longer words and sentences
Speech Emergence
the pace at which the reader reads the text
Speed (when reading)
an approach to phonics instruction that involves spelling rules and phonemes
Spelling-Based Phonics Approach
using morphemes to study a word and determine its meaning
Structural / Morphemic Analysis
A letter or letters at the end of a root word that changes its meaning
Suffix
Assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know.
Summative Assessments
A strategy in which a student reads aloud to a teacher or tutor.
Supervised Oral Reading
a writing system in which each character represents a syllable
Syllabic Writing System
the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words
Syllabication/Syllable Awareness
Use of a sentence or paragraph’s grammar to comprehend a text
Syntactic Cue
a teacher reads aloud to students emphasizing her own fluency and prosody
Synthetic Phonics Approach
a teacher reads aloud to students emphasizing her own fluency and prosody
Teacher-Modeled Reading
words that indicate if a statement is referring to past time, present time, or future time
Tense
detailed descriptions of expected behaviors across multiple skill domains that should be observed in children from the beginning to the end of prekindergarten
Texas Prekindergarten Guidelines
A strategy in which a teacher listens to a student read a passage from a grade-level novel for a set period
Timed Reading
the ability to effectively know and use words in their listening, speaking, reading, and writing
Vocabulary Development
vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word
Vowel Digraph
has a silent “e” and makes the vowel before it long; this syllable is usually found at the end of a word
Vowel-Consonant-E Syllable
reading a word by sight, without attempting to decode it
Whole Word Reading
breaking down words into morphemes, or the smallest units of meaning
Word Analysis
knowing that individual words make up a sentence
Word Awareness
a group of words with a shared ending letter group/sound
Word Families
the number of words a student reads correctly in a 60-second time span
Words per Minute (WPM)
