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PA final EXAM > Reading assignment information-Chapter 7 The EYE > Flashcards

Reading assignment information-Chapter 7 The EYE Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve is considered the “work horse” of the eye?

A

CN 3 (oculomotor)

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2
Q

What muscles are NOT innervated by CN3?

A

LR6SO4: Lateral rectus (CN 6) and Superior Oblique (CN4)

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the near reflex?

A

Accommodation
Convergence
Pupillary Constriction

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4
Q

What is the direct effect?

A

The constriction of the pupil of the eye on which the light is shined

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5
Q

What is the consensual effect?

A

The simultaneous constriction of the opposite pupil

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6
Q

Define accommodation

A

near focusing of the eye by increasing the power of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscle innervated by CN3

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7
Q

What side of the eye is the optic disc located in?

A

the nasal side

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8
Q

What landmarks can you use to find the optic disc?

A

The anastomosis of the vessels will point towards the optic disk

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9
Q

What is the normal cup to disc ratio?

A

the cup should be 30% the size of the disc diameter

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10
Q

What are the major symptoms of eye disease?

A 
Loss of vision
Eye pain
Diplopia
Tearing and dryness
Discharge
Redness
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11
Q

What 2 questions must you ask when a pt c/o loss of vision?

A

Did the loss of vision occur suddenly?

Is the eye painful?

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12
Q

What questions must you ask if the pt states they have eye pain?

A 
describe the pain?
did it come on suddenly?
Photophobia?
Pain when you blink?
FB sensation?
H/A?
Pain w/ movement?
Pain over brow on same side?
contact lenses?
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13
Q

What is the most common condition of dry eye?

A

inadequate amount of the water layer of tears-keratoconjunctivits sicca “dry eye syndrome”

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14
Q

What types of eye discharge exist? And what do they mean?

A

Watery/mucoid=viral or allergic

Purulent=bacterial infection

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15
Q

What does the physical exam of the eye include?

A 
Visual acuity
Visual fields
Ocular movements
External and internal eye structure
Ophthalmoscopic exam
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16
Q

for VA: the first number on the chart is the distance at which ________ reads the chart; and the second number is the distance at which ________ reads the chart.

A

1st number : the distance at which the PATIENT reads the chart.
2nd number : the distance at which the person with normal vision can read the same line of the chart.

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17
Q

abbrev: OD

A

R eye

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18
Q

abbrev: OS

A

L eye

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19
Q

abbrev: OU

A

both eyes

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20
Q

How might you evaluate a patient who cannot read any line of print on the charts?

A

Finger counting ability

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21
Q

How might you evaluate a patient who cannot see well enough finger counting?

A

ability to see light

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22
Q

define scotoma?

A

An area of depressed vision

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23
Q

What is the physiological scotoma?

A

The “blind spot” located approx 15 to 20 degrees temporal to central fixation-it corresponds with the optic nerve head.

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24
Q

define hemianospia?

A

absence of half of the visual field

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25
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopsia? What is it a sign of?

A

a defect in both temporal fields. Results form lesion involving the optic nerve at the level of the optic chasm-often the result of pituitary tumor.

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26
Q

What is the most common type of visual field loss?

A

Homonymous hemianopsia-occurs frequently in stroke pts

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27
Q

What is assessed when testing ocular movement?

A 
Eye alignment (light reflection)
Cover test (for strabismus)
6 cardinal positions of gaze (EOM's)
Pupillary light reflex
Near reflex
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28
Q

In Marcus Gunn or RAPD phenomenon what is the most extreme example?

A

When the light is shone in the blind eye, there is neither a direct or consensual response. When the light is moved to the other eye, there is both direct and consensual response (this is bc both afferent and efferent pathways are normal. When the light is swung back to the blind eye, no impasse are received by the retina (afferent), and the pupil of the blind eye no longer remains constricted; it therefore dilates.

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29
Q

When the patient looks far to near what should occur?

A

The eyes should converge and the pupils should constrict.

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30
Q

What do we examine on External and internal eye structure inspection?

A 
Orbits and eyelashes
Lacrimal apparatus
Conjunctiva
Sclera
Cornea
Pupils
Iris
Anterior chamber
Lens
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31
Q

What sings should be watched for when inspecting the eyelid?

A 
drooping
infection
erythema
swelling
crusting
masses 
other abnormalities
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32
Q

Define ptosis (aka blepharoptosis)

A

drooping of the eyelid

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33
Q

Define Kearns-Sayre syndrome

A

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia-slow progressive symmetric ptosis and symmetric external ophthalmoplegia caused by an autosomal-dominant condition

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34
Q

Define Lagophthalmos

A

Inability to close the eyelids completely.-seen in thyroid dz

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35
Q

entropion

A

a turning in of the eyelid

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36
Q

ectropion

A

a turning out of the eyelid

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37
Q

What is the most common type of malignancy associated with cutaneous horn?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma is most common type of malignancy at the base of the horn

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38
Q

Define Sturge-Weber syndrome

A

Congenital condition recognizable by a characteristic port wine stand on one side of the face.

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39
Q

Chalazion

A

meibomian gland obstruction. Tx with warm compresses

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40
Q

What is indicated by orbital discoloration of “raccoon eyes”?

A

basilar skull fracture

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41
Q

Xanthelasma

A

yellowish plaques on the periorbital skin

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42
Q

Stye (acute external hordeolum)

A

localized abscess caused by a staph infection.

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43
Q

Characteristics that suggest malignant tumors of the eyelid?

A

Talangectasia
Alteration of normal acrhitecture (loss of eyelashes)
non-painful/non-tender
Irregular pigmentary changes

44
Q

What is the most common occular manifestation of AIDS?

A

Lesions of Karposi’s sarcoma

45
Q

Dacrocystitis

A

inflammation of lower lacrimal passages

46
Q

What is the mc of all eye diseases in the western hemisphere?

A

Conjunctivitis

47
Q

What sings should be evaluated for in inspection of the conjunctiva?

A 
Pallor
Unusual pigmentation
Swelling
masses
hemorrhage
48
Q

What is the most frequent type of conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial

49
Q

What is acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by?

A

ocular infection of enterovirus, pneococcus, H flu.

50
Q

Giant papillary conjunctivitis occurs mostly in people who ____?

A

Are soft contact lens wearers.

51
Q

Pinguecula

A

whitish yellow triangular nodular growth on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the cornea (does not cross the cornea).

52
Q

Pterygium

A

More vascular on the bulbar conjunctiva extends beyond the corneal scleral junction to the cornea.

53
Q

What is evaluated for when examining the sclera?

A

nodules
hyperemia
discoloration

54
Q

Jaundice (aka Icterus)

A

abnormal yellowing of the sclera

55
Q

episcleritis

A

benign, usual painless, bilateral, recurring disorder. Non-infectious inflammation

56
Q

Scleritis

A

painful, often bilateral, recurrent (less common than episcleritis), effects older groups, inflammation of sclera w/ involvement of cornea and uveal tract.

57
Q

scleromalacia perforans

A

uncommon, painless, scleral condition-nectrozing scleritis seen in long standing RA pts

58
Q

What should be evaluated for in inspected of the cornea?

A

should be clear, without opacities, cloudiness, or ulcerations

59
Q

arcus senilis

A

whitish ring at the perimeter of the cornea-mc in pts >40yo.

60
Q

What is an abnormal golden to greenish-brown ring near the limbus indicative of?

A

Kayser-Fleischer ring-specific sign of Wilson’s disease.

61
Q

What is evaluated in inspection of the pupils?

A

normal = PERRLA

62
Q

anisocoria

A

normal variation in about 5% of people where pupillary size is not equal

63
Q

midriasis

A

pupillary enlargement

64
Q

miosis

A

pupillary constriction

65
Q

Argyll Robertson pupill

A

pupil constricted 1 to 2 mm that reacts to accommodation but is nonreactive to light (assoc w/ neurosyphilis)

66
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

sympathetic paralysis of the ey caused by interruption of cervical sympathetic chain. (miosis, ptosis, anhydrosis also present).

67
Q

Adie’s tonic pupil

A

a pupil dilated 2 to 6mm that constricts little in response to light and accomodation

68
Q

Inspection of the iris includes

A

shape, color, presence of nodules, vascularity

69
Q

Iris colombana

A

a notch or gap in the iris

70
Q

Inspection of the anterior chamber

A

Fluid composition (should be clear), depth of the anterior chamber

71
Q

Blood in the anterior chamber is called?

A

hyphema

72
Q

Pus in the anterior chamber is called?

A

hypopyon

73
Q

The presence of a shallow anterior chamber predisposes a pt for?

A

narrow-angle glaucoma

74
Q

How do you inspect the lens?

A

oblique lighting. looking for opacity of the lens

75
Q

cataract

A

any opacification of the lens that causes reduced visual acuity

76
Q

What is the proper way to hold the ophthalmoscope when examining the patients R eye?

A
  • Hold the opthalmoscope with your right hand in front of your right eye.
  • Ask pt to look straight ahead and focus on a distant object.
  • Start with lens diopter set to 0 finger near the diopter
77
Q

What is evaluated in Ophtlamoscopic exam?

A

Optic disc
Retinal vessels
Macula
Retinal lesions

78
Q

What is a normal cup to disc ratio?

A

0.1 to 0.5

79
Q

what should you evaluate the pt for if there is asymmetry to the physiologic cup?

A

Early glaucoma

80
Q

What should be evaluated for when inspecting the optic disc?

A

Margins, color, and cup-disc ratio

81
Q

What is indicated by “copper wiring” on inspection of the retinal vessels?

A

Vessels that are thickened and sclerotic

82
Q

What causes AV nicking?

A

HTN -the arteriole and venues share a common sheath and the arteriole walls are thicker. This causes the venule wall to collapse when the pressure in the arterioles is higher.

83
Q

What are you seeing when you ask the pt to look directly towards the light of your ophthalmoscope during exam?

A

Macula and fovea.

84
Q

What are red lesions on the retina indicative of?

A

Hemorrhages

85
Q

What are black lesions on the retina indicative of?

A

retinitis pigmentosa

86
Q

What are white lesions on the retina indicative of?

A

Cotton-wool spots (if soft) or drusen (if dense).

87
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness-light falls posterior to the retina

88
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightendness-light falls in from of the retina

89
Q

astigmatism

A

light is not uniformly focused in all directions. astigmatism is commonly a result of a non-spherical cornea

90
Q

presbyopia

A

Near vision decreases after the age of 40

91
Q

What is the most common cause of blindness?

A

Cataracts

92
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness in americans aged 20-75 yo?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

93
Q

What is the first stage of diabetic retinopathy?

A

non-proliferative/ background retinopathy-Microaneurysms occur

94
Q

What is the characteristic of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A

neovascularization. This causes pre-retinal hemorrhages and leads to boat-shaped hemorrhages. Further pulling on the retina can cause retinal tears and detachments.

95
Q

What is the new tx paradigm for patients with neovascularization?

A

anti-VEGF agents-slows vision loss and maintains current visual acuity. Offers the potential of improving and even restoring functional vision.

96
Q

What may be seen on ophthalmoscopic exam of a pt with HTN?

A

irregularities of arteriolar size
tortuosity of the retinal arteries
retinal edema
changes in the arteriovenous crossings.

97
Q

What progressive changes can be seen on exam of pt with HTN?

A

arteriolar narrowing w/ increase areas of retinal ischemia evident by the development of cotton-wool exudates, hemorrhages, retinal edema and papilledema.

98
Q

papilledema?

A

swelling of the optic disc

99
Q

What is the common cause of cerebral retinal artery occlusion?

A

embolus from the heart or a larger artery. - results in a sudden painless loss of vision in 1 eye.

100
Q

What is a “cherry red spot” a sign of?

A

central retinal artery occlusion

101
Q

What are the signs of central retinal artery occlusion?

A

painless loss of vision in 1 eye
Pupillary direct light reflex is lose
venous pulsations are absent
cherry red spot at macula

102
Q

What disorder has been described as a “pizza thrown against a wall?”

A

The fundus in a central retinal vein occlusion

103
Q

What is the presentation of a pt with a central retinal vein occlusion?

A

Painless loss of vision in 1 eye.
venous dilation and tortuosity at the fundus
blurred optic disc and margins caused by edema
flame-shaped hemorrhages
cotton-wool spots
large hemorrhage at the macula

104
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the sensory retina?

A

Retinoblastoma

105
Q

What is the most common fundus tumor?

A

Choroidal nevus

106
Q

What are floaters and flashes of light a warning sign of?

A

retinal tear/detachment

PA final EXAM (9 decks)

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