Reading 4: Motivation Flashcards
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
According to Maslow’s theory, behavior is triggered by a need __________ that drives the individual to reduce the tension it creates.
Deficit
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on what 2 key assumptions?
- First, different needs are active at different times, and only needs not yet satisfied can influence behavior.
- Second, needs are arranged in a fixed order of importance called a hierarchy.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
In Maslow’s theory, the idea that the most basic unsatisfied need (in the hierarchy) influences current behavior is called the _____________ of the need ?
This _____________ creates an urgency exerted by an unmet need that influences human behavior.
Prepotency (i.e. Priority or order) of the need.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow identified five categories of needs: what are they?
- Psychological needs: such as food, sleep, and physical movement.
- Safety needs: such as freedom from fear or harm, stability, predictability.
- Social needs: such as friendship, love, Camaraderie, and teamwork.
- Self esteem needs: such as status and reputation.
- Self actualization needs: such as the fulfillment of human potential and personal growth.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Certain basic conditions of employment such as pay satisfy psychological needs. Safety needs are met by safe working conditions and job security. Social needs are satisfied by interaction and communication with fellow workers. And finally, work that is fulfilling can satisfy self esteem and self actualization needs.
True or false?
True
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow himself recognized that the hierarchy is not a stair-step approach. Humans have multiple needs that often occur simultaneously in modern society. It may make sense to think about two different categories one being the higher order needs and other set being a lower order needs.
Which needs belong in which order? Higher and lower sets.
- Higher order
Esteem and self-actualization - Lower order
Psychology, safety, and social needs.
Using just these two categories we can see that it is certainly possible for several needs to influence our behavior at once.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow’s theory describes needs as internal. It says nothing about the environments effect on behavior. True or false?
True
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
The references that our needs deficit is not internal but rather external is true or false?
True. The definition of need for example regarding new clothing is determined through other people, society, education, and religion: the external environment.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Maslow’s ideas help us understand that everyone has basic needs that must be satisfied. Although Maslow’s needs hierarchy describe the model of basic human need, it offers little practical guidance for motivating workers. True or false?
True
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Herzberg believed that not being satisfied is different from being dissatisfied. Herzberg and his colleagues were interested in Identifying those factors that caused workers to be satisfied with their work. True or false?
True
Of particular interest was a finding that participants identified different work conditions for each of the two feelings. That is, although the presence of one condition (fulfilling work) made participants feel good, the absence of that condition (fulfilling work) cannot make them feel bad. Herzberg postulated that motivators lead to satisfaction, but their absence does not necessarily lead to dissatisfaction.
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Herzberg identified two factors _______________that he asserts can separately explain satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
- Hygiene
2. Motivators
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Factors whose presence prevent dissatisfaction are called ______________ or maintenance factors.
Hygiene factors
Hygiene or maintenance factors refer to aspects of work that are peripheral to the task itself and more related to the external environment ( the job context)
Hygiene factors include:
Company policy and administrative practices
Technical supervision by the manager
Interpersonal relations with the supervisor
Worker salary, job status, and job security
The workers personal life
Physical conditions of the work setting(example air-conditioning)
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Factors whose presence leads to satisfaction are called ___________?
Motivators.
Motivator factors relate directly to the job content (the specific aspects of the job). And they include:
Achievement Recognition Advancement The task or work itself The workers potential for personal learning or growth The workers responsibility for results
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
The distinction between motivational and maintenance factors is often clarified by the observation that motivational factors are __________, whereas maintenance factors are __________.
Intrinsic and extrinsic
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
When the two factor theory was tested in other organizations, researchers found little support for the theory. Controversy over Herzberg’s findings centers on three areas. What are they?
- Method of data collection: information was collected via potential bias, structured interview format.
- Individual differences: individual differences were discovered to affect the two factors. For example, some workers avoided advancement.
- Limited sample: conclusions were based primarily on studies of professionals (engineers an accountant). Whose task differ significantly from other kinds of workers.
HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
Herzberg’s motivational factors corresponds to Maslow’s higher order needs, while his maintenance factors corresponds to Lower order needs. Interestingly, Maslow, Alderfer, and Herzberg i’ll provide evidence that the value of the work itself can contribute to worker motivation. True or false ?
True
