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Respiratory Week 1 2016/17 > READ ME / 1: Clinical signs > Flashcards

READ ME / 1: Clinical signs Flashcards

1
Q

Thanks for using my flashcards, hope you find them useful!

If you spot any errors or have suggestions, please let me know by clicking the speech bubble or sending me a message. It’s really helpful.

A
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2
Q

The questions are written using the official Dundee lectures, so you might find it useful to have them open in the background in case you get stuck.

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3
Q

I write the questions based on what I think the important facts are, but not everything is relevant. Don’t waste your time learning tiny details.

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4
Q

On the other hand, this isn’t everything you need to know - back it up with stuff from tutorials, other people’s questions, Youtube videos, Oxford handbooks etc.

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5
Q

There’s a good chance that older decks will be inaccurate (lectures and guidelines change year to year) so I’ll try to update them in the future.

Break a leg 👍

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6
Q

The vast majority of information leading to diagnosis will come from a patient’s ___.

A

history

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7
Q

When examining a patient from the end of the bed, what are you looking for?

A

Respiratory distress

Stridor (high pitched wheezing heard on inspiration)

Cyanosis

State of nutrition

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8
Q

What do you look at in a peripheral examination of a patient’s respiratory system?

A

Mouth

Hands

Skin perfusion

CO2 flap

Lymph nodes

JVP

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9
Q

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

A

Symptom - what the patient feels / tells you; found by taking history

Sign - physical variations from the norm; what you find on examination

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10
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting caused by chronic disease

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11
Q

What is obesity?

A

Accumulation of body fat to the degree that it has negative effects on health

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12
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Decrease in the number of red blood cells

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13
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

Abnormally elevated levels of CO2 in the blood

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14
Q

What is encephalopathy?

A

Any disease which affects the brain

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15
Q

What causes a CO2 flap?

i.e CO2 retention

A

Hypercapnic encephalopathy

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16
Q

What does a CO2 flap look like?

A

Flapping of hand when wrist is hyperextended

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17
Q

What causes yellowing of fingernails?

A

Nicotine

Tar

Fungus

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18
Q

What kind of disease is eczema?

A

Atopic disease

atopy - diseases where there is a heightened immune response to ordinary allergens

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19
Q

What is erythema nodosum?

A

Red bumps found on the shins

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20
Q

What diseases are associated with erythema nodosum?

A

Sarcoidosis

TB

21
Q

What is lupus pernio?

A

Hard purple patches on the face - particularly the cheeks, nose

22
Q

What disease is lupus pernio associated with?

A

Sarcoidosis

23
Q

What is finger clubbing?

A

Increased curvature of nails

and

loss of nail bed angle

24
Q

What are some respiratory causes of finger clubbing?

A

Bronchial carinoma

Fibrosing alveolitis

Lung suppuration (common in bronchiectasis, lung abscesses, empyema)

25
Q

What are some cardiovascular causes of finger clubbing?

A

Infective endocarditis

Congenital heart disease

26
Q

If you examined someone’s eyes and found a small pupil unilaterally, what syndrome would you suspect?

If you later found a tumour on a CXR, what tumour would it be and where exactly is it found?

A

Horner’s Syndrome

Pancoast’s Tumour, found at lung apex

27
Q

If a patient had uveitis (inflammation of the middle layer of eye), what respiratory diseases may they have?

A

Sarcoidosis

TB

28
Q

Why may a patient have dilated retinal veins in their eyes?

A

CO2 retention

29
Q

What signs may you see in a patient who has cor pulmonale?

A

Cyanosis

Raised JVP

Pitting oedema (sacrum / ankles)

Parasternal heaves

Loud 2nd heart sound

30
Q

What are the four steps of chest examination?

A

Inspection

Palpation

Percussion

Auscultation

31
Q

What is kyphoscoliosis?

A

Abnormal curvature of the spine

32
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Abnormal deformity of the anterior thoracic wall - caved-in chest

33
Q

What is a hyperinflated chest an indicator of?

A

Emphysema

34
Q

What are you looking for on inspection of a patient’s chest?

A

Operation scars

Expansion

Respiratory abdominal movement

35
Q

On palpation, what do you feel in the suprasternal notch for?

A

Tracheal deviation

36
Q

The trachea moves:

towards / away - collapse

towards / away - consolidation

towards / away - effusion

A
37
Q

What are some causes of reduced chest expansion?

A

Unilateral pneumothorax

Pleural effusion

Bilaterally - restrictive lung disease, hyperinflation from emphysema

38
Q

On percussion, why may a chest sound hyper-resonant?

A

Emphysema

Pneumothorax

39
Q

Why may a chest sound stony dull on percussion?

A

Pleural effusion

40
Q

What name is given to normal breath sounds?

A

Vesicular

41
Q

Why may breath sounds be reduced?

A

Effusion, collapse, obstruction, emphysema

42
Q

What are transmited breath sounds also known as?

A

Bronchial breath sounds

43
Q

Why may breath sounds be described as bronchial?77

A

Consolidation –> pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis

44
Q

What name is given to a musical sound which is made as air passes through narrowed airways?

A

Wheeze (rhonchi)

45
Q

What are fine crepitations a sign of?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

46
Q

What are moderate/coarse crackles?

A

Pulmonary oedema, consolidation, bronchiectasis

47
Q

What is a pleural rub?

A

Leathery, creaking sound made by inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing together

48
Q

What are some causes of pleural rub?

A

Pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, pleurisy

49
Q

In which disease would you hear a pleural click?

A

Pneumothorax

Respiratory Week 1 2016/17 (11 decks)

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