READ ME / 1: Anatomy - gluteal region, femoral triangle, thigh compartments, hip joint Flashcards
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Which blood vessel is found within ligamentum teres?
Artery to head of femur
What bony structure loses its blood supply if the ligamentum teres is damaged?
Head / neck of femur
What are the six regions of the lower limb?
Gluteal
Femoral
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
Name the four muscles in the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region.
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
What is the function of the gluteus muscles and the tensor fascia latae?
Extend, abduct and medially rotate the thigh
Which nerve innervates gluteus maximus?
Inferior gluteal nerve
Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae?
Superior gluteal nerve
Damage to which nerve causes Trendelenburg’s Gait?
Superior gluteal nerve
Name four muscles in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region.
Piriformis
Obturator internus (sandwiched by gemelli)
Gemelli (twins)
Quadratus femoris (square)
What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?
Sacral plexus
Through which holes in the pelvis do nerves enter and exit?
Greater and lesser sciatic foramen
Obturator foramen
What are the three major bony parts of the pelvis?
Ilium
Pubic bone
Ischium
Without ligaments forming their outer borders, the sciatic foraminae are known as sciatic notches.
Which ligaments form the foraminae?
Sacrotuberous ligament (sacrum <> ischial tuberosity) forms the lesser sciatic foramen
Sacrospinous ligament (sacrum <> ischial spine) forms the greater sciatic foramen
Into which quadrant of the gluteal region are injections usually given?
Why?
Superior lateral quadrant
Avoids structures like nerves, arteries and veins
What is the largest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
What are the spinal cord levels of the sciatic nerve?
L4 - S3
What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into?
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Which spinal nerve supplies the perineum and keeps the “pelvis” off the floor?
Pudendal nerve
Which nerve supplies the skin of much of the back of the thigh, popliteal fossa and lateral perineum?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
What spinal levels supply the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
S1 - S3
s123 does the back of the knee???
Which deep gluteal muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge inferior to?
Piriformis
Does the sciatic nerve supply anything in the gluteal region?
No
The sciatic nerve is so big that it has its own artery - what is it called?
Artery to the sciatic nerve
Laterally to medially, what are the structures found in the femoral triangle?
Femoral NERVE (not found in the femoral sheathe)
Femoral ARTERY
Femoral VEIN
LYMPHATICS
The femoral artery, vein and lymphatic vessels are enclosed in the femoral ___.
sheathe
Is the femoral nerve found in the femoral sheathe?
No
What forms the superior boundary of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
(inferior aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle)
What forms the medial boundary of the femoral triangle?
Lateral border of the adductor longus muscle
What forms the lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?
Medial border of the sartorius muscle
What forms the “floor” of the femoral triangle?
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
What forms the “roof” of the femoral triangle?
Deep fascia
Fascia forms compartments around muscles - what disease involves increased pressure in these compartments?
What can cause this?
How is it treated?
Compartment syndrome
Swelling, bleeding
Fasciotomy
How many compartments does the thigh have?
What are they called?
Three
Anterior, posterior and medial compartments
How many compartments does the leg have?
What are they called?
Three
Anterior, posterior and lateral compartments
What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
What is the function of the sartorius, pectineus and iliopsoas?
Flexors of thigh
What is the function of the quadriceps femoris?
Extensor of leg
Which nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
What is the one exception?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Psoas major (L1, L2, L3)
What are the five muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
What is their common function?
Obturator externus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Adduction of the thigh
Which nerve supplies the five muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
What is the only exception?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)
What are the three muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
What are their two functions?
Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
Extensors of the thigh
Flexors of the leg
Which nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
What is the exception?
Tibial nerve (S5, L1, L2)*
Short head of biceps femoris - Common fibular nerve
What type of joint (specifically) is the hip joint?
Synovial ball & socket joint
Which parts of the femur and pelvis form the ball and socket of the hip joint respectively?
Ball - head of femur
Socket - acetabulum of pelvis
The hip joint is highly mobile, capable of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and medial/lateral rotations.
What term can be used to describe the combination of all these movements?
Circumduction
The hip joint is surrounded by a ___, with an external ___ layer and an internal ___ layer which secretes ___ ___.
capsule
fibrous , membranous
synovial fluid
Which part of the femur commonly fractures?
Neck of femur
The fibrous layer of the hip capsule forms four ___ which strengthen the joint. What are they called?
ligaments
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Ligament to head of femur
From which artery does the deep femoral artery arise?
Common femoral artery
Which arteries supply the hip joint?
Medial and lateral circumflex (femoral) arteries
What do the medial and lateral circumflex arteries of the hip joint eventually do?
Anastomose
Which arteries, extending from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries, extend to the head of the femur?
Retinacular arteries
Apart from retinacular arteries, a named artery directly supplies the head of the femur - what is it called?
Artery to head of femur
Which artery supplies the artery to head of femur?
From which artery does it arise?
Obturator artery
Internal iliac artery
(Remember that the common femoral arises from the external iliac.)
