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MSK Week 1 2017/18 > 10: Pathology - malignant tumours > Flashcards

10: Pathology - malignant tumours Flashcards

1
Q

How are MSK tumours discovered?

A

Examination

Radiology

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2
Q

Sarcomas are (more / less) common than carcinomas.

A

less common

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3
Q

What is a lipo(sarco)ma?

A

Tumour of adipose tissue

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4
Q

What is a leio(sarco)ma?

A

Tumour of smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is a rhabdomyo(sarco)ma?

A

Tumour of skeletal muscle

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6
Q

How are MSK tumours staged and identified?

A

Biopsy

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7
Q

Primary MSK tumours often have a ___ cause.

A

genetic

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8
Q

What are genetic studies used in the diagnosis of genetic MSK diseases?

A

Karyotyping

FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridisation)

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9
Q

FISH allows chromosomal ___ to be visualised.

A

translocations

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10
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Target protein pigmented

If tumour cell produces target protein, it will light up

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11
Q

What are characteristic traits of MSK tumours which aid in their identification?

A

Age group affected

Common sites (e.g the knee)

Appearance on radiology and histology

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12
Q

Which group of people review patient cases before treatment is started?

A

MDTs

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13
Q

What are some common benign lesions of connective tissue and bone?

A

Osteochondroma

Enchondroma

Cysts (bone cysts, ganglion cysts)

Giant cell tumours

Fibrous dysplasia

Fibromatosis

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14
Q

Where are ganglion cysts commonly found?

A

Joint capsules - fingers, wrists, knees

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15
Q

Ganglion cysts are herniations through the tendon ___.

A

sheathe

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16
Q

Are ganglion cysts true cysts?

A

No, don’t have an epithelial lining

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17
Q

Why are ganglion cysts hard?

A

Fibrous tissue

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18
Q

What are some examples of fibromatoses?

A

Dupuytren’s contracture (thickening/sclerosis of palmar fascia)

Knuckle pads

Plantar fascia

Penile fascia - Peyronie’s disease

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19
Q

dupuytren’s - association with alcohol + a ton of other things

A
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20
Q

Fibromatoses all involve the formation of dense, contracted ___ tissue histologically.

They are (benign / malignant).

A

fibrous

benign

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21
Q

Fibromatoses can be superficial or ___.

A

deep

22
Q

Where generally are giant cell tumours commonly found?

A

Bone

Tendons

Joints

23
Q

What do giant cells look like under the microscope?

A

Big

Multi-nucleate

24
Q

Giant cell tumours are (benign / malignant).

A

benign

25
Q

What are benign tumours of fat called?

A

Lipomas

26
Q

Where are the nuclei of adipose cells found?

A

Periphery

27
Q

What are benign tumours found in the forearms of young people which tend to be painful?

A

Angiolipoma

28
Q

angel?

benign, painful lumps

A
29
Q

How do liposarcomas look compared to lipomas under the microscope?

A

Presence of lipoblasts - dark purple blobs - among the adipocytes

30
Q

Where are leiomyomas - benign tumours of smooth muscle - commonly found?

A

Uterus

31
Q

What is a malignant smooth muscle tumour called?

Are they common?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

No

32
Q

Which technique, involving protein tagging, is used to identify leiomyosarcoma?

A

Immunohistochemistry

33
Q

What are tumours of skeletal muscle called?

In which group are they commonly found?

A

Rhabdomyo(sarco)ma

Children

34
Q

What are tumours of cartilage called?

A

Chondro(sarco)ma

35
Q

What is a common benign cartilaginous tumour found in the smaller bones e.g digits?

A

Enchondroma

36
Q

Cartilaginous tumours found in the appendicular skeleton tend to be ___.

Cartilaginous tumours found in the axial skeleton tend to be ___.

A

appendicular - benign

axial - malignant

37
Q

osteomas - cranial bones

gardner’s syndrome

A
38
Q

Where do osteoid osteomas tend to occur?

A

Long bones

Halo-appearance, extremely painful, young people

39
Q

How is the pain associated with osteoid osteomas treated?

A

NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen)

40
Q

Osteoid osteomas are (benign / malignant).

A

benign

41
Q

What is the characteristic histological appearance of osteoid osteomas?

A

Halo (nidus), spongy bone surrounded by hard bone

42
Q

What is a malignant bone tumour called?

Which age group is usually affected?

Which bones are usually affected?

A

Osteosarcoma

Young people

Long bones

43
Q

Any tumour producing osteoid (pink stuff on histology) should be treated as an ____.

A

osteosarcoma

44
Q

What is a common genetic condition causing malignant bone tumours?

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

45
Q

Which age group tends to develop Ewing’s sarcoma?

Which bones are affected?

What is the genetic cause?

A

Young people

Long bones

Translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22, t(11;22)

46
Q

What does Ewing’s sarcoma look like on microscopy?

A

Small round blue cells

resembles a lot of other things

47
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma grow rapidly to enormous sizes, raising the ___ off the bone.

A

periosteum

48
Q

MSK tumours common in older people are ___ from other organs.

A

metastases

49
Q

figure out what sarcomatoid carcinomas are

A
50
Q

What is a pseudotumour?

A

Something that seems like a neoplasm but isn’t actually

51
Q

nodular fasciitis

commonly confused for malignancy

A
52
Q

What is myositis ossificans?

What does it commonly occur following?

A

Ossification of muscle

Trauma

MSK Week 1 2017/18 (10 decks)

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