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MSK Week 1 2017/18 > 9: Physiology of joints > Flashcards

9: Physiology of joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of joint found in the body?

A

Synovial

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

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2
Q

In synovial joints, bones are separated by a ___ and joined by a fibrous ___.

A

cavity

capsule

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3
Q

What does a synovial cavity contain?

A

Synovial fluid

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4
Q

What is the inner part of the capsule lined by?

A

Synovial membrane

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5
Q

The synovial membrane is vascularised by ___.

A

capillaries

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6
Q

Which cells, found in the synovial membrane, produce synovial fluid?

A

Fibroblasts

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7
Q

Which parts of bone in a synovial joint are covered in hyaline cartilage?

A

Articular parts

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8
Q

simple

compound

A
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9
Q

Joints provide structural ___ to the skeleton and allow for purposeful ___.

A

support

movement

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10
Q

joint lubrication

A
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11
Q

What is the main function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates joint to reduce friction between articular surfaces

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12
Q

Articular cartilage (hyaline) has no vascular supply.

How is it kept alive?

A

Nourished by synovial fluid

i.e supplies O2 and removes CO2/waste

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13
Q

Synovial fluid totally fills the joint cavity - how much synovial fluid is found in the adult knee?

A

3.5ml

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14
Q

Synovial fluid is constantly ___ and ___ by the synovial membrane.

A

absorbed , replenished

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15
Q

Which chemical, found in synovial fluid, makes it highly viscous?

A

Hyaluonic acid (mucin)

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16
Q

Does the synovial fluid contain any cells?

A

Yes, some white blood cells

and chondrocytes

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17
Q

viscosity vs elasticity

A
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18
Q

What colour is synovial fluid?

A

Clear and colourless

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19
Q

When does the WBC of synovial fluid increase?

A

Inflammatory / septic arhritis

20
Q

Why may synovial fluid turn red?

A

Iatrogenic - traumatic aspiration

Haemorrhagic arthritis

21
Q

What colour does inflammatory synovial fluid turn?

A

Yellow

22
Q

Generally, the more inflamed a synovial joint is, the more (transparent / opaque) the fluid will become.

A

opaque i.e can’t see through it

23
Q

What is the main function of articular cartilage?

A

Reduces friction and pressure to prevent wear-and-tear of joints

24
Q

The vast majority of cartilage is ___ ___.

A

extracellular matrix

25
Q

What are the two “sides” of cartilage in relation to the joint cavity?

A

Subchondral zone - close to the bone

Articular surface - touching cavity / other bone

26
Q

structure of articular cartilage

A
27
Q

What is articular cartilage usually made of?

A

Hyaline

28
Q

Articular cartilage is (rigid / elastic) and (solid / spongy).

A

elastic , spongy

29
Q

What is the main constituent of cartilage?

A

Water

30
Q

Which fibre makes up 20% of cartilage and allows it to be elastic?

A

Type II collagen

31
Q

What makes up the other 10% of cartilage?

A

Proteoglycans

32
Q

Water, collagen and proteoglycans found in cartilage all (increase / decrease) with age.

A

decrease

33
Q

properties of water, collagen and proteoglycans

A
34
Q

What makes up 98% of the total volume of cartilage?

A

Extracellular matrix

35
Q

Which cells maintain the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

36
Q

Articular cartilage is avascular.

How do chondrocytes receive oxygen?

A

Synovial fluid

37
Q

Normally, the rates of synthesis and degradation of ECM are ___.

A

equal

38
Q

Changes in the proportions of water, collagen and proteoglycans affect the ___ of cartilage.

A

properties

39
Q

Apart from changes in the proportions of its constituent parts, what is another cartilage-related cause of joint diseae?

A

Rate of ECM degradation > Rate of ECM synthesis

40
Q

catabolic & anabolic factors

A
41
Q

markers of degradation

A
42
Q

What joint condition is caused by wear and tear of cartilage and the synovial cavity?

A

Osteoarthritis

43
Q

Which joint condition is caused by synovial cell proliferation and inflammation?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

44
Q

Deposition of crystals e.g uric acid in joints causes ___.

A

gout

45
Q

soft tissue rheumatism

A

MSK Week 1 2017/18 (10 decks)

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