Reactions

Question 0

Ethanol manufacturing

Answer 0

By fermentation or direct hydration of ethane

Question 1

Reactions of ethanol

Answer 1

Burns when heated in air or oxygen

Can be used as a fuel

Can be dehydrated (ethanol vapour over hot aluminium oxide catalyst)

Can be used to manufacture ethane, production of polythene

Question 2

Ethanol- fermentation

Answer 2

Dissolve sugar/starch in water
Add yeast
Leave mixture to ferment- 25-40*C
Filter of the excess yeast to obtain a dilute solution of ethanol

Question 3

Direct hydration of Ethanol

Answer 3

Ethene and steam passed over a phosphoric acid catalyst
300*C, 60-70 atmospheres of pressure
Ethanol then condensed as a liquid
(Ethene obtained from crude oil)

Question 4

fermentation pros

Answer 4

Limited access to crude oil
Uses renewable resources
Low temperatures required
Some cases only dilute is required

Question 5

Fermentation negatives

Answer 5

Produces dilute solution
Needs further processing for pure ethanol
Very slow, takes several days

Question 6

Direct hydration pros

Answer 6

Very fast

Produces pure ethanol

Question 7

Direct hydration negatives

Answer 7

Non-renewable resources

High temperatures and pressures- high cost

Question 8

Alkenes

Answer 8

A homologous series of compounds C2H2n
double bond between two carbons

Undergo addition reactions with halogens

C-c double bond means they can de colorise bromine

Question 9

First 5 alkenes

Answer 9

Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane

Question 10

Alkanes

Answer 10

A homologous series of compounds CnH2n+2

Burn when heated in oxygen or air

Question 11

First five alkanes

Answer 11

Methane
Ethane 
Propane
Butane 
Pentane

Question 12

Alkane + a lot of air and water

Answer 12

We’re products of carbon dioxide and water

Question 13

Alkane + insufficient air and water

Answer 13

Carbon monoxide formed

Question 14

Making ammonium salts

Answer 14

Made when ammonia reacts with an acid
Neutralisation reaction
Indicator must be used

Question 15

Insoluble salt

Answer 15

One negative ion solution + one positive ion solution

Precipitate removed through filtration

Question 16

Dilute acid +metal

Answer 16

Magnesium, iron and zinc

All are insoluble in water, do not react with water

Procedure for acid + insoluble base used

Best sign all the acid has reacted is a lack of effervescence after adding metal

Question 17

Dilute acid + metal carbonate

Answer 17

Most metal carbonates are insoluble in water

Acid+ insoluble salt method used

A good indicator of a complete neutralisation of the acid is to wait until there are no more bubbles

Question 18

Potassium and sodium carbonates (metal carbonate exception)

Answer 18

Soluble in water so acid+ soluble base method used

Good indicator to use is methyl orange (yellow to red)

Question 19

Dilute acid + base

Answer 19

The practical technique depends on if the base is soluble or insoluble in water

Question 20

Soluble bases

Answer 20

Sodium hydroxide

Potassium hydroxide

Question 21

Acid + insoluble base

Answer 21

Heat up dilute acid in a beaker
Don’t let boil
Add insoluble base until it stops disappearing
Filter the mixture, leave in a warm place
Remove the crystals And dry them

Question 22

Acid + soluble base(alkali)

Answer 22

Put an aqueous solution of the alkali with a suitable indicator
Add dilute acid until the indicator changes colour
Add powdered charcoal
Shake to remove the indicator changes colour
Filter to remove the charcoal

Question 23

Dilute acids+ metal carbonates

Answer 23

Form salts

Carbon dioxide and water formed when they react

Question 24

Dilute acids with bases

Answer 24

Bases neutralise acids to form a salt

Metal oxides/hydroxides are capable of acting as bases

Question 25

Dilute acids with metals

Answer 25

Only metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series will react directly with dilute acids

Question 26

Dilute hydrochloric acid / dilute sulfuric acid + a metal

Answer 26

A salt and hydrogen