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Chemistry > Creation Of New Substances > Flashcards

Creation Of New Substances Flashcards

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0
Q

Electrolyte

A

Substance electrolysed

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1
Q

Electrolysis

A

Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when solid because the ions are not free to move

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or in an aqueous solution

Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by passing an electric current through it

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2
Q

Anode (electrolysis)

A

Positive electrode
Non-metal formed here (due to negative ions)
Non-metal loses electrons

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3
Q

Cathode (electrolysis)

A

Negative electrode
Metal is formed here, due to positive ions
Metal gains electrons

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4
Q

Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

A

A aqueous solution containing ions can be electrolysed

Water has an influence on the reaction

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5
Q

Negative electrode

A

Cathode

Hydrogen or a metal formed

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6
Q

Positive electrode

A

Anode

Oxygen or a non-metal formed

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7
Q

Metal more reactive than hydrogen

A

Hydrogen at cathode

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8
Q

Metal less reactive than hydrogen

A

Metal at cathode

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9
Q

Condensation reactions

A

Two molecules react -> form a larger molecule with the elimination of a small molecule (water)

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10
Q

Condensation polymers

A

Many monomers join together to make a polymer for each pair of monomers that join a small molecule is eliminated (water)

Polyesters (herylene)
Polyamides (nylon)

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11
Q

Disposing of polymers- landfill

A

Uses up valuable land, non-biodegradable

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12
Q

Disposing of polymers- incineration

A

They release alot of energy when burnt (useful)

Carbon dioxide produced as well as toxic gases

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13
Q

Disposing of polymers- recycling

A

Reduces disposal problems

The separation of different polymers is expensive and difficult

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14
Q

Addition polymers

A

A long- chain molecule formed by many small monomers joined together

Have a c-c double bond, this breaks allowing monomers to attach together

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15
Q

Burning fuel in cars

A

High temperatures means nitrogen + oxygen -> oxides of nitrogen

They dissolve in the air to form acid rain

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16
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Lack of oxygen

Produces carbon monoxide

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17
Q

Catalytic converters

A

Carbon monoxide -> carbon dioxide

Oxides of nitrogen -> nitrogen and oxygen

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18
Q

Cracking

A

Long-chained hydrocarbons (alkanes) passed over a catalyst
(Silica or aluminium oxide) at 600-700*C

Many short-chained alkanes produced, at least one alkene

19
Q

Problems of fractions

A

Far too many higher boiling point fractions

Not enough of the lower boiling point fractions

Cracking: converting long-chained hydrocarbons -> shorter-chained ones
To make more gasoline

20
Q

Refinery gas uses

A

Bottles gas

21
Q

Gasoline uses

A

Petrol for cars

22
Q

Kerosene uses

A

Fuel for aeroplanes
Central heating boilers
Paraffin small heaters

23
Q

Diesel oil uses

A

Diesel fuel for: buses, lorries, trains, cars

24
Q

Fuel oil uses

A

Fuel for ships, industrial heating

25
Q

Bitumen uses

A

Road surfaces, covering flat roofs

26
Q

Factions of crude oil

A 
Refinery gases
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Bitumen
27
Q

Refining of crude oil

A

Crude oil heated until it is a vapour
Fed into the column at the bottom

Hydrocarbons with very high boiling points immediately turn to liquids and are tapped off at the bottom of the column

The other hydrocarbons rise up the column
As they rise they cool down
They will condense at different heights

Refinery gasses stay S gases and come out of the top of the column

28
Q

Crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons mainly alkanes

Must be refined before having any use

First step is fractional distillation

Carried out in a fractionating column 400C at bottom 40C at top

29
Q

aluminium characteristics

A

High strength to weight ratio
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Non-toxic
Resists corrosion

30
Q

Uses of aluminium

A 
Aeroplane bodies
Overhead power cables
Saucepans
Food cans 
Window frames
31
Q

Iron characteristics

A

Strong

Withstands collisions

32
Q

Uses of iron

A

Car bodies
Iron nails
Ships
Bridges

33
Q

Extraction of iron

A

Raw materials- iron ore, coke, limestone, air (mixed added at top)

Oxygen + coke —> carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide + coke —> carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide reduces iron (iii) oxide in iron ore

Iron melts, collects at bottom, tapped off

Calcium carbonate in limestone decomposes —> calcium oxide

Calcium oxide + silicon dioxide (impurity) —> calcium silicate

Calcium silicate melts, collects as molten slag, tapped off

34
Q

Electrolysis of aluminium

A

Aluminium melts and collects at the bottom,tapped off

Some oxygen produced at positive electrode
Reacts with the graphite —-> carbon dioxide gas

Positive electrode must be replaced after burning away

35
Q

Extraction of aluminium electrodes

A

Graphite (carbon)

36
Q

Extraction of aluminium Electrolyte

A

Solution of aluminuim oxide dissolved in molten cryolite

37
Q

Main ore of aluminium

A

Bauxite -> must first be purified before producing aluminium oxide

38
Q

Aluminium oxide

A

High melting point

Must be dissolved in molten cryolite

39
Q

Ore

A

Rocks with enough metal worth mining for

40
Q

Unreactive metals in ores

A

Occur as elements

41
Q

Ractive metals in ores

A

Found as compounds from which they must be extracted

42
Q

Reactive metals

A

Electrolysis of the molten chloride/oxide

Most powerful method but very expensive

43
Q

Medium/ lower reactivity metals

A

Heat with a reducing agent (carbon/carbon monoxide)

44
Q

Gold/ silver -unreative

A

Occur naturally as the elements

Chemistry (10 decks)

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