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Chemistry > Effects On Reactions > Flashcards

Effects On Reactions Flashcards

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0
Q

Using universal indicator

A

Substance tested is dissolved in water, a drop of it is then placed onto PH paper
OR
A drop of universal indicator is dropped into the tested substance

A gas can be tested using damp PH paper

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1
Q

Universal indicator

A

Made of 6/7 indicators that change colour at different PH levels
Supplied as : a solution in ethanol / paper dipped in it and dried

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2
Q

Bases

A

Chemical opposite to alkalis

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3
Q

Alkalis

A

Bases soluble in water

Often more harmful than acids

8-14 PH

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4
Q

Neutral

A

Neither acidic or alkaline

7

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5
Q

Acids

A

0-6

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6
Q

Titration

A

Method of finding the volume of a solution required to react with a certain volume of another

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7
Q

Acid alkali titration

A

How much acid to neutralise an alkali

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8
Q

Acid-alkali titration method

A

Out 25.0 cm^3 of alkali solution into a flask
Few drops of methyl orange added
Note reading of acid in a burette
Add acid to alkali until indicator changes colour
Note final acid reading in burette
Substrate initial reading from final
-> Amount of acid required to neutralise 25.0cm^3 of the alkali

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9
Q

State of division

A

the smaller the pieces of solid -> the larger the overall surface area

More particles of the solid exposed to the other reactants

Grinding the solid to a powder has the most dramatic effect

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10
Q

Temperature of reaction

A

Increases average kinetic energy of the reactant particles

More of the collisions that take place will have the necessary activation energy to react

More successful reactions per second

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11
Q

Concentration of reactants

A

Increases the number of reactants

Reacting particles will collide more often

More successful collisions per second

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12
Q

Factors that affect rate of reaction

A

The concentration of a reaction

Temperature at which the reaction takes place

State of division of a solid reactant

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13
Q

Rate of reaction

A

Change of concentration of a reactant / time

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14
Q

Rate of reaction depends on

A

Concentration not amount

Particles must collide for a reaction to occur

Colliding particles must have enough energy to react
(activation energy) (successful collisions)

To increase the rate, the frequency of successful collisions must increas

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15
Q

Controlling the equilibrium

A

If forward reaction is exothermic

Backwards reaction is endothermic

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16
Q

More product

A

Equilibrium shift to the right

17
Q

More reactant

A

Equilibrium shifts to the left

18
Q

Dynamic equilibrium features

A

Rate of forward reaction = rate of backwards reaction

Amount of reactants and products remain constant

19
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

If a reversible reaction is carried out in a closed reaction container
Then the reaction is able to reach a position of Dynamic equilibrium

20
Q

Ammonia dynamic equilibrium

A

Hydrogen + nitrogen Ammonia

Ammonia can’t escape, will decompose into hydrogen + nitrogen

Rate of forward reaction will stop the rate of backwards reaction
They will then become equal

21
Q

Copper (ii) sulfate crystals dynamic equilibrium

A

Copper (ii) sulfate crystals heated in a test tube
Crystals turn to powder, water collects on top

Crystals -> hydrated copper (ii) sulfate
Contains water of crystallisation

Heated to lose this water
->turns to Anhydrous copper (ii) sulfate

Reaction is reversible

22
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction of a chemical reaction, but it is chemically unchanged at the end

Allow lower temperatures / pressures to be used

23
Q

What catalysts do

A

Provide an alternative pathway for the reaction
This pathway has a lower activation energy

More of the collisions taking place will have the necessary activation energy

More successful collisions per second

24
Q

Exothermic

A
  • enthalpy
    Energy given out
    Rise in temperature
25
Q

Endothermic

A

+enthalpy
Energy taken in
Fall in temperature

26
Q

Heat given out

A

Mass of solution x specific heat capacity of solution x temperature rise

27
Q

What is an acid

A

An acid is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions

28
Q

A salt compound

A 
Hydrogen ions (from dissolved acid) replaced by
Ammonium or metal ions
29
Q

You must react the dilute acid with what to replace the hydrogen ions by a metal ion

A

Metal
Base
metal carbonate

30
Q

Litmus paper turns red

A

O-5

Acid

31
Q

Litmus turns purple

A

5-8

Neutralish

32
Q

Litmus turns blue

A

8-14

Alkali

33
Q

Methyl orange turns red

A

0-3

Very Alkali

34
Q

Methyl orange turns orange

A

3-5

Fairly acidic

35
Q

Methyl orange turns yellow

A

5-14

Neutralise to alkaline

36
Q

Phenolphthalein turns colourless

A

0-10

Acidic to neutralish

37
Q

Phenolphthalein turns red

A

10-14

Very alkaline

38
Q

Equilibrium

Endothermic

A

Shifts to right

39
Q

Equilibrium

Exothermic

A

Shifts to left

40
Q

Equilibrium pressure

A

Makes equilibrium shift to the area with the less particles

Chemistry (10 decks)

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