Reactions Flashcards
1
Q
Acid + Base =
A
Salt + water
2
Q
Acid + Metal =
A
Salt + H2
3
Q
Acid + Metal Oxide =
A
Salt + water
4
Q
Acid + Metalhydroxide =
A
Salt + water
5
Q
Acid + Metalcarbonate =
A
Salt + water + CO2
6
Q
Metal + water =
A
Metalhydorcide + H2
7
Q
Metal + Oxygen =
A
Metaloxide
8
Q
Cl2 + water =
A
HClO + HCl
9
Q
Cl2 + 2NaOH =
A
NaClO + NaCl + water
10
Q
Alkane + Cl2 =
A
Haloalkane + HCl
11
Q
From alkane to haloalkane what conditions are needed?
A
UV light
12
Q
What mechanism is used to produce a haloalkane from alkane?
A
Free Radical Substitution
13
Q
What conditions are needed to produce an alkane from alkene?
A
Nickel catalyst, 423K
14
Q
How do you produce an alkane from an alkene?
A
Add hydrogen
15
Q
How do you produce a haloalkane from and alkene?
A
Halogenation
16
Q
What mechanism is used in the production of haloalkane from alkene?
A
Electrophilic Addition
17
Q
How do you produce an alcohol from an alkene?
A
React with water, using phosphoric acid.
18
Q
alkene + water =
A
Alcohol
19
Q
alkene + HBr =
A
Haloalkane
20
Q
alkene + Br2 =
A
Haloalkane + H2
21
Q
alcohol + oxygen =
A
CO2 + H2O
22
Q
What is the name of the reaction of alcohol + oxygen?
A
Combustion
23
Q
Primary alcohol + [O] =
A
Aldehyde + water
24
Q
What is used to oxidise alcohols?
A
H+/K2Cr2O7. Acidified potassium dichromate
25
How do you produce an aldehyde?
Oxidise primary alcohol using H+/K2Cr2O7 and distillation
26
What conditions are needed to produce aldehyde?
H+/K2Cr2O7 and distillation
27
What conditions are needed to produce carboxylic acid?
H+/K2Cr2O7 and reflux
28
What do you get if you oxidise a secondary alcohol?
A ketone
29
How do you produce a ketone?
Oxidise secondary alcohol and refulx using H+/K2Cr2O7.
30
Secondary alcohol + [O] =
Ketone + water
31
How can you tell if an alcohol has been oxidised
Add H+/K2Cr2O7 and the solution should turn orange to green.
32
Why does the oxidation of an alcohol turn the solution form orange to green?
Cr2O7 (2-) orange turns to Cr (3+) green.
33
How do you dehydrate alcohol?
Under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
34
Alcohol (+acid catalyst) =
Alkene + water
35
What type of reaction is dehydration?
Condensation
36
How do you make a Bromoalkane from alcohol?
Alcohol is heated under reflux with H2SO4 and NaBr
37
Alcohol + HBr =
Bromoalkane
38
What type of reaction is the production haloalkane from alcohol
Substitution
39
What is esterification?
The production of ester
40
How do you produce an ester?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
41
What conditions do you need to produce an ester out of alcohol + carboxylic acid?
Reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid and heat
42
What is the equation for the breakdown of the ozone?
O3 + O = 2O2
43
How do you produce an alcohol from haloalkane?
React with NaOH and heat the mixture under reflux.
44
Haloalkane + NaOH =
Alcohol + halide ion
45
What type of reaction is haloalkane to alcohol?
Hydrolysis
46
How do you turn an aldehyde to primary alcohol?
React with warm aqueous NaBH4
47
How do you turn ketone into secondary alcohol?
React with warm aqueous NaBH4
48
What is produced when you react aldehyde/ketone with HCN?
Hydroxnitrile
49
How do you produce a hydroxnitrile?
Aldehyde/ketone + HCN = hydroxnitrile
50
What conditions are needed to produce hydroxnitrile?
H2SO4 + NaCN to make HCN
51
Carboxylic acid + metal =
Salt + H2 (CH3COO-)Li+ + H2
52
What mechanism is used to produce an alcohol from haloalkane?
Nucleophilic Substitution
53
What mechanism is used to reduce carbonyl?
Nucleophilic Addition
54
Phenol + NaOH =
Salt + H2O
55
Phenol + 3Br2 =
2,4,6 tribromophenol + 3HBr
56
What does 2,4,6 tribromophenol look like
White precipitate
57
How do you produce a nitrophenol?
HNO3
58
Give the equation of nitration of benzene
Benzene + HNO3 = nitrobenzene + water
59
What conditions are needed for the nitration of benzene?
H2SO4 and 50 degrees.
60
What mechanism is used for nitration of benzene?
Electrophilic Substitution
61
What do you need for the acylation of benzene?
Benzene + Acyl chloride and a halogen carrier
62
The equation for acylation of benzene?
Benzene +acylchloride = phenylethanone + HCl
63
The equation for alkylation of Benzene?
Benzene + haloalkane = alkylbenzene + HCl
64
What catalyst is needed for the alkylation of Benzene
halogen carrier
65
What is a halogen carrier?
AlCl3 , FeCl3, AlBr3, FeBr3
66
The equation for the production of bromobenzene
Benzene + Br2 = Bromobenzene + HBr
67
What type of mechanism is the halogenation, alkylation, acylation and Nitration of Benzene?
Electrophilic Substitution
68
What catalyst are needed for the halogenation, alkylation, acylation and Nitration of Benzene?
halogen carrier for all except Nitration of Benzene which is H2SO4.
69
What is the acid hydrolysis of esters?
Ester is heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid. The aqueos adds the water and the acid acts as a catalyst. The reaction forms Carboxylic acid and alcohol.
Ester + water = carbox + alcohol
70
What is the alkaline hydrolysis of esters?
Ester is heated under reflux with OH- (NaOH) to form an carboxylic ion and alcohol. If NaOH then a salt would form
71
What are all the ways to produce an ester?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
Alcohol + acyl chloride = ester + HCl
Phenol + acylchloride = ester + HCl
Phenol + acid anhydride = ester + carboxylic acid
72
Two ways to form Acyl chloride
PCl3, SOCl2
73
The equation for the production of acyl chloride using PCl3
carboxylic acid + PCl3 = Acylchloride + H3PO3
74
The equation for the production of acyl chloride using SOCl2?
Acylchloride + SO2 + HCl
75
acyl chloride + phenol =
Ester + HCl
76
acyl chloride + alcohol =
Ester + HCl
77
acyl chloride + water =
carboxylic acid + HCl
78
acyl chloride + ammonia =
primary amide + NH4Cl
79
acyl chloride + primary amide =
secondary amide + alkyammonium chloride
80
Formation of primary amine=
Haloalkane + ammonia = salt .
| Salt + NaOH = primary amine + NaCl + water
81
What conditions do you need to make a primary amine?
Excess ammonia and ethanol
82
Formation of secondary amine
Haloalkane + primary amine = salt.
| Salt + NaOH = secondary amine + water
83
Formation of Tertiary amine
Haloalkane + secondary amine = salt
| Salt + NaOH = tertiary amine + water
84
How would you make an aromatic amine?
Nitrobenzene heated under reflux with tin and HCl to form salt. The salt then reacts with excess ammonia
85
What type of reaction is the production of aromatic amine from nitrobenzene
Reduction
86
Amino acid + NaOH (alkali) =
Na Salt + H20
87
Amino acid + HCl =
Ammonium Salt + Cl-
88
How do you produce an ester from amino acid?
Heat with alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.
89
When breaking a polyester with acid what are the products?
Dicarboxyl and dihydroxyl
90
When breaking a polyester with alkali (NaOH) what are the products?
Dicarboxylic salt and dihyroxyl
91
When breaking a polyamide with acid what are the products?
ammonium salt + carboxylic acid
92
When breaking a polyamide with base what are the products?
di Primary amine + dicarboxyl salt
93
Decomposition of Ca(CO3)
Ca(CO3) = CaO + CO2
94
Phenylamine + Br =
2, 4, 6 tribromophenylamine
95
Nitrobenzene + Br =
3-bromonitrobenzene
96
What conditions do you need for Phenylamine + Br ?
None it reacts readily as it is an activating group
97
What conditions do you need for Nitrobenzene + Br ?
Halogen carrier and high temperatures because it's an activating group.
98
Phenol + HNO3?
2-nitrophenol / 4-nitrophenol (NO2 not NO3)
99
Is NO2 activating or deactivating?
Deactivating
100
Is NH2 activating or deactivating?
Activating
101
Is OH activating or deactivating?
Activating
102
Are halogens activating or deactivating?
Activating
103
Are alkyl activating or deactivating?
Activating
104
Is COOH activating or deactivating?
Deactivating
105
Is COH activating or deactivating?
Deactivating
