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Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid + Base =

A

Salt + water

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2
Q

Acid + Metal =

A

Salt + H2

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3
Q

Acid + Metal Oxide =

A

Salt + water

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4
Q

Acid + Metalhydroxide =

A

Salt + water

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5
Q

Acid + Metalcarbonate =

A

Salt + water + CO2

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6
Q

Metal + water =

A

Metalhydorcide + H2

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7
Q

Metal + Oxygen =

A

Metaloxide

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8
Q

Cl2 + water =

A

HClO + HCl

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9
Q

Cl2 + 2NaOH =

A

NaClO + NaCl + water

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10
Q

Alkane + Cl2 =

A

Haloalkane + HCl

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11
Q

From alkane to haloalkane what conditions are needed?

A

UV light

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12
Q

What mechanism is used to produce a haloalkane from alkane?

A

Free Radical Substitution

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13
Q

What conditions are needed to produce an alkane from alkene?

A

Nickel catalyst, 423K

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14
Q

How do you produce an alkane from an alkene?

A

Add hydrogen

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15
Q

How do you produce a haloalkane from and alkene?

A

Halogenation

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16
Q

What mechanism is used in the production of haloalkane from alkene?

A

Electrophilic Addition

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17
Q

How do you produce an alcohol from an alkene?

A

React with water, using phosphoric acid.

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18
Q

alkene + water =

A

Alcohol

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19
Q

alkene + HBr =

A

Haloalkane

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20
Q

alkene + Br2 =

A

Haloalkane + H2

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21
Q

alcohol + oxygen =

A

CO2 + H2O

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22
Q

What is the name of the reaction of alcohol + oxygen?

A

Combustion

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23
Q

Primary alcohol + [O] =

A

Aldehyde + water

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24
Q

What is used to oxidise alcohols?

A

H+/K2Cr2O7. Acidified potassium dichromate

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25
Q

How do you produce an aldehyde?

A

Oxidise primary alcohol using H+/K2Cr2O7 and distillation

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26
Q

What conditions are needed to produce aldehyde?

A

H+/K2Cr2O7 and distillation

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27
Q

What conditions are needed to produce carboxylic acid?

A

H+/K2Cr2O7 and reflux

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28
Q

What do you get if you oxidise a secondary alcohol?

A

A ketone

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29
Q

How do you produce a ketone?

A

Oxidise secondary alcohol and refulx using H+/K2Cr2O7.

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30
Q

Secondary alcohol + [O] =

A

Ketone + water

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31
Q

How can you tell if an alcohol has been oxidised

A

Add H+/K2Cr2O7 and the solution should turn orange to green.

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32
Q

Why does the oxidation of an alcohol turn the solution form orange to green?

A

Cr2O7 (2-) orange turns to Cr (3+) green.

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33
Q

How do you dehydrate alcohol?

A

Under reflux with concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4

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34
Q

Alcohol (+acid catalyst) =

A

Alkene + water

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35
Q

What type of reaction is dehydration?

A

Condensation

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36
Q

How do you make a Bromoalkane from alcohol?

A

Alcohol is heated under reflux with H2SO4 and NaBr

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37
Q

Alcohol + HBr =

A

Bromoalkane

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38
Q

What type of reaction is the production haloalkane from alcohol

A

Substitution

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39
Q

What is esterification?

A

The production of ester

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40
Q

How do you produce an ester?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water

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41
Q

What conditions do you need to produce an ester out of alcohol + carboxylic acid?

A

Reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid and heat

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42
Q

What is the equation for the breakdown of the ozone?

A

O3 + O = 2O2

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43
Q

How do you produce an alcohol from haloalkane?

A

React with NaOH and heat the mixture under reflux.

44
Q

Haloalkane + NaOH =

A

Alcohol + halide ion

45
Q

What type of reaction is haloalkane to alcohol?

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

How do you turn an aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

React with warm aqueous NaBH4

47
Q

How do you turn ketone into secondary alcohol?

A

React with warm aqueous NaBH4

48
Q

What is produced when you react aldehyde/ketone with HCN?

A

Hydroxnitrile

49
Q

How do you produce a hydroxnitrile?

A

Aldehyde/ketone + HCN = hydroxnitrile

50
Q

What conditions are needed to produce hydroxnitrile?

A

H2SO4 + NaCN to make HCN

51
Q

Carboxylic acid + metal =

A

Salt + H2 (CH3COO-)Li+ + H2

52
Q

What mechanism is used to produce an alcohol from haloalkane?

A

Nucleophilic Substitution

53
Q

What mechanism is used to reduce carbonyl?

A

Nucleophilic Addition

54
Q

Phenol + NaOH =

A

Salt + H2O

55
Q

Phenol + 3Br2 =

A

2,4,6 tribromophenol + 3HBr

56
Q

What does 2,4,6 tribromophenol look like

A

White precipitate

57
Q

How do you produce a nitrophenol?

A

HNO3

58
Q

Give the equation of nitration of benzene

A

Benzene + HNO3 = nitrobenzene + water

59
Q

What conditions are needed for the nitration of benzene?

A

H2SO4 and 50 degrees.

60
Q

What mechanism is used for nitration of benzene?

A

Electrophilic Substitution

61
Q

What do you need for the acylation of benzene?

A

Benzene + Acyl chloride and a halogen carrier

62
Q

The equation for acylation of benzene?

A

Benzene +acylchloride = phenylethanone + HCl

63
Q

The equation for alkylation of Benzene?

A

Benzene + haloalkane = alkylbenzene + HCl

64
Q

What catalyst is needed for the alkylation of Benzene

A

halogen carrier

65
Q

What is a halogen carrier?

A

AlCl3 , FeCl3, AlBr3, FeBr3

66
Q

The equation for the production of bromobenzene

A

Benzene + Br2 = Bromobenzene + HBr

67
Q

What type of mechanism is the halogenation, alkylation, acylation and Nitration of Benzene?

A

Electrophilic Substitution

68
Q

What catalyst are needed for the halogenation, alkylation, acylation and Nitration of Benzene?

A

halogen carrier for all except Nitration of Benzene which is H2SO4.

69
Q

What is the acid hydrolysis of esters?

A

Ester is heated under reflux with dilute aqueous acid. The aqueos adds the water and the acid acts as a catalyst. The reaction forms Carboxylic acid and alcohol.
Ester + water = carbox + alcohol

70
Q

What is the alkaline hydrolysis of esters?

A

Ester is heated under reflux with OH- (NaOH) to form an carboxylic ion and alcohol. If NaOH then a salt would form

71
Q

What are all the ways to produce an ester?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
Alcohol + acyl chloride = ester + HCl
Phenol + acylchloride = ester + HCl
Phenol + acid anhydride = ester + carboxylic acid

72
Q

Two ways to form Acyl chloride

A

PCl3, SOCl2

73
Q

The equation for the production of acyl chloride using PCl3

A

carboxylic acid + PCl3 = Acylchloride + H3PO3

74
Q

The equation for the production of acyl chloride using SOCl2?

A

Acylchloride + SO2 + HCl

75
Q

acyl chloride + phenol =

A

Ester + HCl

76
Q

acyl chloride + alcohol =

A

Ester + HCl

77
Q

acyl chloride + water =

A

carboxylic acid + HCl

78
Q

acyl chloride + ammonia =

A

primary amide + NH4Cl

79
Q

acyl chloride + primary amide =

A

secondary amide + alkyammonium chloride

80
Q

Formation of primary amine=

A

Haloalkane + ammonia = salt .

Salt + NaOH = primary amine + NaCl + water

81
Q

What conditions do you need to make a primary amine?

A

Excess ammonia and ethanol

82
Q

Formation of secondary amine

A

Haloalkane + primary amine = salt.

Salt + NaOH = secondary amine + water

83
Q

Formation of Tertiary amine

A

Haloalkane + secondary amine = salt

Salt + NaOH = tertiary amine + water

84
Q

How would you make an aromatic amine?

A

Nitrobenzene heated under reflux with tin and HCl to form salt. The salt then reacts with excess ammonia

85
Q

What type of reaction is the production of aromatic amine from nitrobenzene

A

Reduction

86
Q

Amino acid + NaOH (alkali) =

A

Na Salt + H20

87
Q

Amino acid + HCl =

A

Ammonium Salt + Cl-

88
Q

How do you produce an ester from amino acid?

A

Heat with alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.

89
Q

When breaking a polyester with acid what are the products?

A

Dicarboxyl and dihydroxyl

90
Q

When breaking a polyester with alkali (NaOH) what are the products?

A

Dicarboxylic salt and dihyroxyl

91
Q

When breaking a polyamide with acid what are the products?

A

ammonium salt + carboxylic acid

92
Q

When breaking a polyamide with base what are the products?

A

di Primary amine + dicarboxyl salt

93
Q

Decomposition of Ca(CO3)

A

Ca(CO3) = CaO + CO2

94
Q

Phenylamine + Br =

A

2, 4, 6 tribromophenylamine

95
Q

Nitrobenzene + Br =

A

3-bromonitrobenzene

96
Q

What conditions do you need for Phenylamine + Br ?

A

None it reacts readily as it is an activating group

97
Q

What conditions do you need for Nitrobenzene + Br ?

A

Halogen carrier and high temperatures because it’s an activating group.

98
Q

Phenol + HNO3?

A

2-nitrophenol / 4-nitrophenol (NO2 not NO3)

99
Q

Is NO2 activating or deactivating?

A

Deactivating

100
Q

Is NH2 activating or deactivating?

A

Activating

101
Q

Is OH activating or deactivating?

A

Activating

102
Q

Are halogens activating or deactivating?

A

Activating

103
Q

Are alkyl activating or deactivating?

A

Activating

104
Q

Is COOH activating or deactivating?

A

Deactivating

105
Q

Is COH activating or deactivating?

A

Deactivating

Chemistry (6 decks)

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