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Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Free radical sub?

A

Cl2, UV, heat

-limited Cl2/excess alkane

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2
Q

Alkene to alkane?

A

@reduction

  • H2(g), Pt, rtp
  • H2(g), Ni, heat
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3
Q

H-X to alkene

A

@elimination

-KOH in ethanol, reflux

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4
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

@E.A

-industrial: H20(steam), H3PO4 cat., heat, high pressure

  • lab
    1. Cold H2SO4
    2. Heat, H2O
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5
Q

Alcohol to Alkene

A

@elimination

  • industrial: Al2O3, heat
  • c H2SO4, reflux
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6
Q

Alkene to HX

A

@E.A

  1. Conc HX
  2. HX(aq) in CCl4
  3. HCl(g) generated in Situ
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7
Q

Alkene to xx

A

@E.A

-X2 in CCl4, rtp, dark

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8
Q

Alkene to X,OH

A

@E.A

-X2(aq), rtp, dark

-aq: OH acts a nucleophile
=> major pdt

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9
Q

Alkene to diol

A

@oxidation
*cold

  • KMnO4, H2SO4(aq)
  • KMnO4, NaOH(aq)
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10
Q

Alkene to

  1. Carboxylic acid
  2. Ketone
  3. CO2 + H2O
A

@oxidative cleavage

-KMnO4, H2SO4, reflux

TERMINAL only

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11
Q

Alcohol to ester

A

@condensation
-+COOH, c H2SO4, reflux

@N.S
CH3COCl, anhyd., rtp

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12
Q

Alcohol to RX

A

@N.S

  1. PCl5(s), anhydrous, rtp
  2. PCl3(l)/ PBr3(l), anhydrous, rtp
  3. SOCl2(l)/ SOBr2(l), anhydrous, rtp
  4. conc HCl, ZnCl2/ c HBr
  5. HCl(g)/HBr(g) in Situ, NaX(s) + c H2SO4
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13
Q

RX to alcohol

A

@N.S

-NaOH(aq), reflux

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14
Q

RX to nitrile (CN)

A

@N.S

-NaCN in ethanol, reflux

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15
Q

Nitrile to increase 4H?

A

@reduction

  1. LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp
  2. H2(g) and w nickel, heat
  3. H2(g) with Pt., rtp
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16
Q

RCN to alcohol

A

@hydrolysis

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17
Q

RX to ROCH3

A

@N.S

-CH3ONa, reflux methanol solution

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18
Q

RX to Amine (RNH2)

A

@N.S

  • NH3, ethanolic medium, heat is sealed tube
  • further substitution in excess to px 4’ salt
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19
Q

Nitrile to -COOH

A

@hydrolysis

-acid catalysed: heat under reflux with dul.H2SO4

+NH4+

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20
Q

Nitrile to COO-

A

@hydrolysis

-base catalysed: heat under reflux with NaOH(aq)

+NH3

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21
Q

Pri alcohol -> aldehyde

A

@oxidation

K2Cr2O7(aq), H2SO4(aq), immediate distillation

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22
Q

methanol to CO2+H20

A

@oxidation

KMnO4(aq), H2SO4(aq), reflux

23
Q 
Tri-iodomethane test 
       OH
        |
(R)-C-CH3
        |
       H
A

@oxidation

I2(aq), NaOH(aq), reflux

24
Q

Esters, amides, acid chlorides

-> carboxylic acid

A
  1. Ester
    - HCl(aq), heat
  2. Amides
    - NaOH(aq), heat
  3. Acid chloride
    - no need heat
25
Q

Carboxylic acid to Pri alcohol

A

@reduction

LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp

26
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

PCl5(s), PCl3(l), SOCl2(l), anhyd, rtp

27
Q

Sec alcohol to aldehyde

A

@oxidation

  • K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux
  • KMnO4, H2SO4, reflux
28
Q

Aldehyde and ketone to hydroxynitriles

A

@N.A

HCN,

Small amt of NaOH(aq)/NaCN(s), cold

29
Q

Sec alcohol to ketone

A
  • K2Cr2O7, d.H2SO4, reflux

* KMnO4, d.H2SO4, reflux

30
Q

Aldehyde to Pri alcohol

A

@reduction

  • H2(g), Ni, heat
  • H2(g), Pt, rtp
  • LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp
  • NaBH4 in methanol, rtp
31
Q

Ketone to Sec alcohol

A

@reduction

  • H2(g), Ni, heat
  • H2(g), Pt, rtp
  • LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp
  • NaBH4 in methanol, rtp
32
Q

Methanoic and ethandiotic acid to CO2 and water

A

@oxidation

KMnO4(aq), H2SO4

33
Q

Carboxylic acid to O-Na+

A

@redox

Na(s), rtp

34
Q

Carboxylic acid to

O-Na+ + H20

A

@acid base

  • NaOH(aq), rtp
  • Na2CO3(s)/(aq), rtp
  • NaHCO3(s)/(aq), rtp
35
Q

Carboxylic acid to

 O
  II   R-C-X
A

@N.S

  • anhyd PCl5(s), rtp
  • anhyd PCl3(l)/PBr3(l), rtp
  • anhyd SOCl2(l)/ SOBr2(l), rtp
36
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

@hydrolysis, N.S

  • HCl(aq)/ H2SO4(aq)/ HNO3(aq), reflux
  • NaOH(aq), reflux
37
Q

Ester to Pri alcohol

A

@reduction

LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp

38
Q

Acid chloride to carboxylic acid

A

@hydrolysis, N.S

H2O(l), rtp

+HCl

39
Q

Acid chloride to ester

A

@condensation, N.S

  1. CH3CH2OH, Anhyd, rtp
  2. Involving phenol:
    •NaOH(aq) or pyridine
    •fb CH3COCl, anhyd condition
40
Q

Acid chloride to amides

A

@condensation, N.S

  • cNH3, rtp
  • cCH3NH3, rtp
  • c(CH3)2NH, rtp
41
Q

Nitrogenous cmpd to carboxylic acid

A

@hydrolysis

  1. Acidic medium (-COOH)
    •HCl(aq)/ H2SO4(aq)/ HNO3(aq), reflux
  2. Alkaline medium (-COO-)
    •NaOH(aq), reflux
42
Q

Nitrogenous cmpd to amines

A

@reduction

  • LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp
  • H2(g), Ni(s), heat
  • H2(g), Pt(s), rtp
43
Q

Nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

A

@reduction

  • Sn(s), cHCl, reflux
  • fb NaOH(aq)
44
Q

Amines to R-N+-H3

A

@acid-base, neutralisation

HCl(aq), H2SO4(aq), HNO3(aq), rtp

45
Q

Amines to ester

A

@condensation, N.S

CH3COCl, anhyd, rtp

46
Q

Amides to amines

A

@reduction

  • LiAlH4 in dry ether, rtp
  • H2(g), Ni(s), heat
  • H2(g), Pt(s), rtp
47
Q

Amines to carboxylic acid

A

@acid catalysed hydrolysis

d. HCl(aq), H2SO4(aq), HNO3(aq), reflux

48
Q

Amines to carboxylate salt

A

@alkaline catalysed hydrolysis

NaOH(aq), reflux

49
Q

What’s the difference bt HCl (aq) in

  1. cold
  2. hot
A

cold: acid base
hot: hydrolysis

50
Q

Thermal cracking?

A

High temp (~900)

High temp (~500) w catalyst

51
Q

CH3CH2OH + PCl5 ->?

A

CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl

52
Q

3CH3CH2OH + PCl3 ->?

A

3CH3CH2Cl + H3PO3

53
Q

CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 ->?

A

CH3CH2Cl + SO2 + HCl

Chemistry- Organic Chem (9 decks)

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