Reactions Flashcards
Hydrogenation
- uses H2 and a metal catalyst (like Pd)
- adds hydrogen atoms to each end of former double bond
- symmetric reaction
Halogenation
- uses halogen as catalyst (Br2, Cl2, I2, X2)
- adds halogen to each end of former double bond
- symmetric reaction
Hydrohalogenation
- uses HX (where x is a halogen, so HBr)
- adds H and X across former double bond
- asymmetic reaction
Hydration
- uses water (H20) and a strong acid (H2SO4) in reaction
- H and OH are placed across former double bond
- asymmetric reaction
Markovnikov’s rule
the carbon atom in the double bond with the most C-H bonds will get the hydrogen atom from the reaction
the other carbon atom will get the other atom (like Br or OH)
Chlorination of Benzene
- substitution reaction
- uses Cl2 and FeCl2 to catalyze reaction
- Cl replaces a H bond
Nitration of Benzene
- substitution reaction
- uses HNO3 (nitric acid, a strong acid) and uses H2SO4 (sulfuric acid, a strong acid)
- uses NO2 (nitrite) to replace a H bond
- final product can then be hydrogenated (H2/Pd) to create aniline
Sulfonation of Benzene
- uses SO3 (sulfur trioxide) and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
- replaces H bond with SO3H (sulfone)
- substitution reaction
- precursor for detergents
Alcohol Dehydration
- products are an alkene and H2O
* uses a concentrated amount of strong acid like H2SO4
Zaitsev’s Rule
when there is a possibility of two alkenes to be formed from alcohol dehydration, the alkene with the fewest C-H bonds is favored and is considered the major product
mono-substituted
when there are 3 C-H bonds in the alkene formed by alcohol dehydration
Di-substituted
when there are two C-H bonds on an alkene created from an alcohol dehydration reaction
tri-substituted
when there is only one C-H bond in the alkene generated from alcohol dehydration
the three other spots are completed with other bonds
tetra-substituted
when there are no C-H bonds on the alkene generated from alcohol dehydration
aldehyde
primary ( or 1 degree) alcohols oxidize into…
