Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrogenation

A
  • uses H2 and a metal catalyst (like Pd)
  • adds hydrogen atoms to each end of former double bond
  • symmetric reaction
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2
Q

Halogenation

A
  • uses halogen as catalyst (Br2, Cl2, I2, X2)
  • adds halogen to each end of former double bond
  • symmetric reaction
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3
Q

Hydrohalogenation

A
  • uses HX (where x is a halogen, so HBr)
  • adds H and X across former double bond
  • asymmetic reaction
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4
Q

Hydration

A
  • uses water (H20) and a strong acid (H2SO4) in reaction
  • H and OH are placed across former double bond
  • asymmetric reaction
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5
Q

Markovnikov’s rule

A

the carbon atom in the double bond with the most C-H bonds will get the hydrogen atom from the reaction
the other carbon atom will get the other atom (like Br or OH)

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6
Q

Chlorination of Benzene

A
  • substitution reaction
  • uses Cl2 and FeCl2 to catalyze reaction
  • Cl replaces a H bond
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7
Q

Nitration of Benzene

A
  • substitution reaction
  • uses HNO3 (nitric acid, a strong acid) and uses H2SO4 (sulfuric acid, a strong acid)
  • uses NO2 (nitrite) to replace a H bond
  • final product can then be hydrogenated (H2/Pd) to create aniline
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8
Q

Sulfonation of Benzene

A
  • uses SO3 (sulfur trioxide) and H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
  • replaces H bond with SO3H (sulfone)
  • substitution reaction
  • precursor for detergents
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9
Q

Alcohol Dehydration

A
  • products are an alkene and H2O

* uses a concentrated amount of strong acid like H2SO4

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10
Q

Zaitsev’s Rule

A

when there is a possibility of two alkenes to be formed from alcohol dehydration, the alkene with the fewest C-H bonds is favored and is considered the major product

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11
Q

mono-substituted

A

when there are 3 C-H bonds in the alkene formed by alcohol dehydration

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12
Q

Di-substituted

A

when there are two C-H bonds on an alkene created from an alcohol dehydration reaction

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13
Q

tri-substituted

A

when there is only one C-H bond in the alkene generated from alcohol dehydration
the three other spots are completed with other bonds

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14
Q

tetra-substituted

A

when there are no C-H bonds on the alkene generated from alcohol dehydration

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15
Q

aldehyde

A

primary ( or 1 degree) alcohols oxidize into…

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16
Q

carboxylic acid

A

Once a primary alcohol has oxidized to an aldehyde, the reaction can further oxidize into a…

17
Q

ketone

A

secondary (or 2 degree) alcohols oxidize into a…

18
Q

nothing, they do not oxidize

A

tertiary alcohols (or 3rd degree) oxidize into…

19
Q

Alkyl halide reaction

A
  • uses a halogen and heat or light to catalyze reaction

* places a halogen bond in replacement of H bond at highest degree carbon in the alkane

20
Q

Thiol Oxidation

A
  • when two thiol compounds connect via a disulfide bridge

* hydrogen atoms are lost (OIL)

21
Q

Thiol Reduction

A
  • when a disulfide bridge is broken

* hydrogens are added to each sulfer creating two separate thiols

22
Q

Tollen’s Test

A
  • Reactants are an aldehyde and Ag2O
  • uses NH4OH as a reaction catalyst
  • positive test produces Ag(s) or solid silver when there is an aldehyde present