Reaction pathways & conditions

Question 1

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alkane to Alkene?

Answer 1

Cracking, various conditions

Question 2

What is the mechanism & coniditions for Alkene to Alkane?

Answer 2

Hydrogen, Nickel catalyst, 150 degrees, 5 atm
Addition reaction

Question 3

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alkene to Alcohol?

Answer 3

Steam, 300 degrees, Conc. H₃PO₄ catalyst

Question 4

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alcohol to Alkene?

Answer 4

Al₂O₃, 300 degrees, or conc. H₂SO₄ under reflux
Elimination reaction

Question 5

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alkane to Halogenoalkane?

Answer 5

Halogen & UV Light
Substitution reaction

Question 6

What is the mechanism & conditions for Halogenoalkane to Alcohol?

Answer 6

NaOH (aq), heat under reflux
Substitution reaction

Question 7

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alcohol to Aldehyde?

Answer 7

Primary alcohols only; Acidified Potassium dichromate & distill the mixture.
Oxidation reaction

Question 8

What is the mechanism & conditions for alcohol to Ketone?

Answer 8

Secondary alcohols only, Acidified potassium dichromate & heat under reflux.
Oxidation reaction

Question 9

What is the mechanism & conditions for alcohol to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 9

Primary alcohols only, Acidified potassium dichromate & heat under reflux
Oxidation reaction

Question 10

What is the mechanism & conditions for aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

Answer 10

Acidified potassium dichromate, heat under reflux
Oxidation reaction

Question 11

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alcohol to Ether?

Answer 11

Heat with Sulfuric acid, Primary alcohols only
Elimination reaction

Question 12

What is the mechanism & conditions for Alkene to Halogenoalkane?

Answer 12

Hydrogen halide, room temperature
Addition reaction

Question 13

What is the mechanism & conditions for Halogenoalkene to Alkene?

Answer 13

Hot concentrated Potassium Hydroxide in an ethanolic solution
Elimination reaction

Question 14

What is the mechanism & conditions for Aldehyde to Alcohol?

Answer 14

NaBH₄ (aq), heat
Reduction reaction

Question 15

What is the mechanism & conditions for Ketone to Alcohol?

Answer 15

NaBH₄ (aq), alkaline solution, heat
Reduction reaction

Question 16

What is the mechanism & conditions for Carboxylic acid to alcohol?

Answer 16

LiAlH₄ in dry ether
Reduction reaction

Question 17

What is the mechanism & conditions for Halogenoalkane to Nitrile?

Answer 17

Potassium cyanide ethanolic solution, heat under reflux
Substitution reaction

Question 18

What is the mechanism & conditions for Halogenoalkane to Amine?

Answer 18

Concentrated Ammonia, heat in a sealed tube
Substitution reaction

Question 19

What is the mechanism & conditions for Nitrile to Amine?

Answer 19

LiAlH₄ in ether
Reduction reaction

Question 20

What is the mechanism & conditions for Amide to Amine?

Answer 20

LiAlH₄ in ether
Reduction reaction

Question 21

What is the mechanism & conditions for a Nitrile to a Carboxylic acid?

Answer 21

Aqueous H+, heat under reflux
Hydrolysis reaction

Question 22

What is the mechanism & conditions for a nitrile to an Amide?

Answer 22

Water & an acid/base catalyst
Hydrolysis reaction

Question 23

What is the mechanism & conditions for an Amide to a Nitrile?

Answer 23

P₂O₅, distill
Elimination reaction

Question 24

What is the mechanism & conditions for amide to carboxylic acid?

Answer 24

Sulfuric acid & heat
Hydrolysis reaction

Question 25

What is the mechanism & conditions for carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride?

Answer 25

PCl₃, heat under reflux Substitution reaction

Question 26

What is the mechanism & conditions for Acyl chloride to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 26

Add it to water Hydrolysis reaction

Question 27

What is the mechanism & conditions for Carboxylic acid to Ester?

Answer 27

Alcohol prescence, concentrated Sulfuric acid catalyst Esterification reaction

Question 28

What is the mechanism & conditions for Ester to Carboxylic Acid?

Answer 28

Reflux with H+ or OH- Hydrolysis reaction

Question 29

What is the mechanism & conditions for Acyl Chloride to Amide?

Answer 29

Conc. ammonia & room temp for a primary amide Reaction with an amine under reflux gives secondary amide Both Acylation reactions

Question 30

What is the mechanism & conditions for Acyl Chloride to Ester?

Answer 30

Prescence of Alcohol, room temp Acylation reaction