Organic Chapter 1: Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
What is a General Formula?
An algebraic formula that represents an entire family of compounds
e.g. CnH2n+1OH for alcohols
What is an Empirical formula?
A formula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is a molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is a Structural formula?
A formula that shows the atoms carbon-by-carbon.
e.g. CH3CH2CH3
What is a Skeletal formula?
A formula that shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only, with any functional groups. Hydrogens aren’t shown.
What is a displayed formula?
A formula that shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them.
What is a Homologous Series?
A group of compounds that contain the same functional group, all represented by the same general formula.
What is the prefix/suffix for an alkane?
-ane
What is the prefix/suffix for a branched alkane?
alkyl-
What is the prefix/suffix for an alkene?
-ene
What is the prefix/suffix for a halogenoalkane?
Flouro/Chloro/Bromo/Iodo-
What is the prefix/suffix for an alcohol?
-ol
What is the prefix/suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
What is the prefix/suffix for a ketone?
-one
What is the prefix/suffix for a carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What is the prefix/suffix for an ester?
alkyl- -oate
What is the prefix/suffix for an Amine?
-amine
What is the prefix/suffix for an amide?
-amide
What is the prefix/suffix for an acyl chloride?
-oyl chloride
What is the prefix/suffix for a cycloalkane?
Cyclo- -ane
What is the prefix/suffix for an arene?
-benzene or phenyl-
What is Nomenclature?
Naming of organic compounds
What is the prefix for a 1-carbon chain?
meth-
What is the prefix for a 2-carbon chain?
eth-
What is the prefix for a 3-carbon chain?
Prop-
What is the prefix for a 4-carbon chain?
But-
What is the prefix for a 5-carbon chain?
Pent-
What is the prefix for a 6-carbon chain?
Hex-
What are the 6 rules for nomenclature?
- Count the longest continous carbon chain
- Find the main functional group
- Number the carbons in the longest carbon chain so the main functional group attached has the lowest possible number
- Write the carbon number that the functional group is one before the suffix
- Add any side chains in alphabetical order as prefixes
- Use di, tri, or tetra- to show identical side chains
What do Curly arrows show?
The movement of electron pairs
What are the three types of Structural isomers?
Chain Isomers
Positional isomers
Functional Group Isomers
What is structural isomerism?
Molecules with different structural formulae but the same molecular formula
What is Chain isomerism?
Chain isomers have a different arrangement of the carbon skeleton.
What is Positional isomerism?
The functional group is on a different carbon atom
What is Functional Group isomerism?
A different functional group is formed from the same constituent atoms
What is Stereoisomerism?
When atoms have the same structural formulae but different arrangements in space
Why does Stereoisomerism occur?
C=C bonds cannot rotate
What is E/Z isomerism?
Isomerism where groups around a C=C double bond can be either on the same side or opposite sides, forming the E-Isomer and the Z-isomer.
How do you use the E/Z isomer system when the groups are different?
You assign priority to each side chain - the atom with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given higher priority.
If these groups are the same, you have to look further down the chain.
How are the groups arranged on an E-Isomer?
The priority groups are across the double bond - opposite sides
How are the groups arranged on a Z-Isomer?
The priority groups are both above or below the double bond - same side
