Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2A - Urinary System > Reabsorption and Secretion > Flashcards

Reabsorption and Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Does filtration or reabsorption occur at glomerular capillaries?

A

Only filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does filtration or reabsorption occur at the peritubular capillaries?

A

Reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is oncotic pressure greater in pertibular capillaries than in glomerular cappilaries?

A
  • Since about 20% of plasma has filtered into Bowman’s capsule in the glomerulus (filtration fraction), the blood remaining in efferent arteriole and then peritubular capillaries has higher concentration of plasma proteins and lower hydrostatic pressure

(First the oncotic pressure of the peritubular capillaries is relatively high because a significant percentage of the vascular fluid is filtered out in the glomerulus and into the tubule, leaving a higher-than-normal concentration of plasma proteins in the blood entering the peritubular capillaries.

Secondly, the hydrostatic pressure of the peritubular capillaries is relatively low because much of the intravascular pressure is lost after blood passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles. Given the high oncotic pressure and low hydrostatic pressure of the peritubular capillaries, there is a large net starling gradient for fluid resorption.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 different mechanisms of reabsorption?

A
  • Reabsorbed by carrier mediated transport systems
  • Reabsorption of sodium ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of substances reabsorbed by carrier mediated transport systems?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Organic acids
  • Sulphate ions
  • Phosphate ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the maximum capacity of carriers expressed as?

A

TM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is TM due to?

A

Saturation of the carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if TM is exceeded?

A

Excess substrates enters the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do carrier proteins enable?

A

Large substances like glucose to cross the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the capacity of reabsorption of large molecules like glucose limited by?

A

Number of carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is renal threshold?

A

Plasma threshold at which saturation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plasma glucose levels up to what will be reabsorbed?

A

10mmole/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to glucose beyond the plasma level of 10mmoles/L?

A

Glucose appears in the urine, so if plasma [glucose] is 15mmoles/L, then 10 is reabsorbed and 5 is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why is TM set way above normal glucose levels?

A

Ensures that all valuable nutrients are normally reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the medical term for the appearance of glucose in the urine?

A

Glycosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What causes glucosuria?

A

Failure of insulin, not failure of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of substances that are regulated by TM?

A

Sulphate

Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is glucose regulated by TM?

A

No, insulin and counter-regulatory hormones do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are things, such as sulphate and phosphate, regulated by TM?

A

Because TM is set at a level whereby the normal [plasma] causes saturation, anything above will be excreted therefore achieving plasma regulation:

  • Is also subject to PTH regulation for phosphate, PTH causes decreased reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As well as TM, what else is phosphate regulated by?

A
  • Is also subject to PTH regulation for phosphate, PTH causes decreased reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does PTH impact phosphate?

A

PTH causes decreased reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are sodium ions most abundant in ICF or ECF?

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed?

A

99.5%

25
Q

What percentage of sodium reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule?

A

65-75%

26
Q

How much sodium is filtered each day?

A
  • 180L/day x 142mmol/L = 25560 mmoles/day
27
Q

By what mechanism is sodium reabsorbed?

A
  • Not reabsorbed by a TM mechanism but by active transport which establishes a gradient for sodium across the tubule wall
28
Q

Explain the process of sodium reabsorption?

A
  1. Active sodium pumps are located on the basolateral surfaces where the is a high density of mitochondria
  2. This decreases [Na] in epithelial cells, increasing the gradient for Na ions to move into the cells passively across the luminal membrane
29
Q

Does brush border of proximal tubule cells have a greater or lesser permeability to Na than other membranes?

A

Greater:

  • Due to enormous surface area offered by microvilli and the large number of sodium ion channels which facilitate this passive diffusion of Na
30
Q

Why is reabsorption of Na so important?

A

It is key to reabsorption of other components of the filtrate

31
Q

How does reabsorption of Na impact the reabsorption of other components of filtrate?

A
  • Negative ions such as Cl- diffuse passively across the proximal tubular membrane down the electrical gradient established and maintained by the active transport of Na+
  • Active transport of Na out of tubule followed by Cl creates an osmotic force, drawing water out of the tubule
  • H2O removed by osmosis from tubule fluid concentrates all other substances left in tubule creating outgoing concentration gradients
32
Q

What does the rate of reabsorption of non-actively absorbed solutes (ones that are absorbed due to action of Na reabsorption) dependent on?

A
  • Amount of water removed, which will determine extent of the concentration gradient
  • The permeability of the membrane to any particular solute
33
Q

How much urea is reabsorbed?

A
  • Tubule membrane is only moderately permeable to urea, so only about 50% is reabsorbed
34
Q

What is an example of a substance that the tubular membrane is impermeable to?

A
  • Some substances such as insulin and mannitol the tubular membrane is impermeable
    • So despite concentration gradient favouring their reabsorption, they cannot gain access through membrane so that all that is filtered stays in the tubule and passes out in urine
35
Q

What establishes the concentration gradients that allows various components of filtrate to be reabsorbed?

A

Active transport of Na

36
Q

As well as creating concentration gradients for other substances, what else is Na important for?

A

Sodium is also important for carrier mediated transport systems:

  • Substances such as glucose, amino acids share the same carrier molecule as sodium (symport)
  • High [sodium] in tubule facilitates and low [Na] inhibits glucose transport
  • Na reabsorption is also linked to HCO3- ion reabsorption
37
Q

What are some examples of molecules that share the same carrier molecule as Na?

A

Glucose

Amino acids

38
Q

How does concentration of Na in tubule impact glucose transport?

A
  • High [sodium] in tubule facilitates and low [Na] inhibits glucose transport
39
Q

What transporters does glucose use to be reabsorbed?

A

1) SGLT from tubule lumen to proximal tubule cell
2) GLUT from proximal tubule cell to interstitial fluid

40
Q

What transporters does Na reabsorption use?

A

1) SGLT from tubule lumen to proximal tubule cell
2) Na-K-ATPase from proximal tubule cell to interstitial fluid

41
Q

What does tubular secretion do?

A

Transports substances from peritubular capillaries into tubule lumen and provide a second route into tubule

42
Q

What is tubular secretion for?

A

Structures which are protein bound since filtration at glomerulus is very restriced, also for potentially harmful substances meaning they can be eliminated rapidly

43
Q

Are carrier mechanisms used for tubular secretion specific or non-specific?

A

Carrier mechanisms are not very specific:

  • So eg organic acid mechanism which secretes lactic and uric acid can also be used for substances such as penicillin, aspirin and PAH
  • Similarly, organic base mechanism for choline, creatinine etc can be used for morphine and atropine
44
Q

What carrier mechanism can substances such as penicillin, aspirin and PAH use for tubular secretion?

A

Organic acid mechanism which secretes lactic and uric acid

45
Q

What carrier mechanism can substances such as morphine and atropine use for tubular secretion?

A

Organ base mechanism for choline, creatinine etc

46
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

Proximal tubule

47
Q

Is K more concentrated in ICF or ECF?

A

ICF

48
Q

What is normal ECF [K+]?

A

About 4mmol/L

49
Q

When does hyperkalaemia occur?

A

When ECF [K] increases to 5.5mmol/L

50
Q

What are consequences of hyperkalaemia?

A
  • Decreases resting membrane potential of excitable cells and eventually ventricular fibrillation and death
51
Q

When does hypokalaemia occur?

A

When ECF [K] falls below 3.5mmol/L

52
Q

What are consequences of hypokalaemia?

A
  • Increases resting membrane potential ie hyperpolarises muscle, cardiac cells leading to arrhythmias and eventually death
53
Q

Explain the renal handling of K?

A
  • K filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed, mainly at the proximal tubule
  • Changes in K excretion are due to changes in its secretion in distal parts of the tubule
  • Any increase in renal tubule cells [K+] due to increased ingestion will cause K secretion, while a decrease in intracellular [K] causes reduced secretion
54
Q

What are changes in K excretion due to?

A

Changes in its secretion in distal parts of the tubule

55
Q

How does intracellular K levels impact K secretion?

A
  • Any increase in renal tubule cells [K+] due to increased ingestion will cause K secretion, while a decrease in intracellular [K] causes reduced secretion
56
Q

What is K secretion regulated by?

A

ICF K levels

Adrenal cortical hormone aldosterone

57
Q

Explain how aldosterone regulates K secretion?

A
  • Increase in [K] in ECF bathing the aldosterone secreting cells stimulates aldosterone release which circulates to kidneys to stimulate increase in renal tubule K secretion
  • Aldosterone also stimulates Na reabsorption at the distal tubule but by a different reflex pathway
58
Q

Where is H+ actively secreted from?

A

Are actively secreted from tubule cells (not the peritubular capillaries) into the lumen for acid/base balance

2A - Urinary System (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions