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2A - Urinary System > Introduction Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Introduction Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary system composed of?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

What are some functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Removes metabolic waste from blood by filtration and excretion
  • Regulates plasma electrolytes and blood pressure (by renin-angiotensin mechanism)
  • Helps to stabilise the pH
  • Reabsorption of small molecules (amino acids, glucose and peptides)
  • Produces erythropoietin (a stimulant of RBC production by bone marrow
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3
Q

By what mechanism does the urinary system regulate plasma electrolyte and blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

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4
Q

By what processes does the urinary system remove metabolic waste from blood?

A

Filtration and excretion

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5
Q

What are some examples of small molecules that the urinary system reabsorbs?

A

Amino acids

Glucose

Peptides

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6
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Stimulat of RBC production by bone marrow

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7
Q

Are the kidneys retro or intraperitoneal structures?

A

Retroperitoneal

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8
Q

Between what spinal levels do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

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9
Q

Do the kidneys lie level to each other? If not, why is this?

A

Right kidney is slightly lower than left kidney due to liver

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10
Q

Are the kidneys fully or partially peritonised?

A

Partially peritonised

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11
Q

What are some of the anterior relations of each kidney?

A
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12
Q

What are some of the posterior relations of each kidney?

A
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13
Q

What nerves run posterior accross each kidney?

A

Iliohypogastric nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

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14
Q

Describe the structures surrounding the actual kidney from superficial to deep?

A
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15
Q

What is A?

A

A = interlobar arteries and veins

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16
Q

What is B?

A

B = renal artery

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17
Q

What ic C?

A

C = renal vein

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18
Q

What is D?

A

D = ureter

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19
Q

What is E?

A

E = renal pyramids

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20
Q

What is F?

A

F = minor calyx

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21
Q

What is G?

A

G = major calyx

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22
Q

What is H?

A

H = renal pelvis

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23
Q

What is I?

A

I = capsule

24
Q

what is J?

A

J = medulla

25
Q

what is K?

A

K = cortex

26
Q

What is L?

A

L = nephrons

27
Q

What is the arrangement of the artery, vein and pelvis from anterior to posterior of the kidney?

A

Vein, artery then pelvis (remember VAP)

28
Q

What does the renal arteries branch from?

A

Abdominal aorta

29
Q

What do the renal arteries branch into?

A
  • Segmental branches (x5)
  • Interlobar
  • Arcuate
    • Branches pass around the circumference
  • Interlobular
    • Branches which ultimately supply each nephrone
  • So is non-anastomosing
30
Q

What do the renal veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

31
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidneys?

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

32
Q

What is the plexus called that innervates the kidneys?

A

Renal plexus

33
Q

What supplies the renal plexus?

A
  • Sympathetic T10-L1
  • Sensory afferent T11-L2
34
Q

What is the urinary bladder composed of?

A
  • Median umbilical ligament
    • Embryonic urachus
  • Two medial umbilical folds
    • Occluded umbilical artery
  • Two lateral umbilical folds
    • Inferior epigastric vessels
35
Q

What embryological structure forms the median umbilical ligament?

A

Embryonic urachus

36
Q

How is the bladder peritonised?

A
37
Q

What are the different parts of the male urethra?

A

Intramural

Prostatic

Intermediate

Spongy

38
Q

Describe the nervous innervation of the bladder?

A

The pelvic nerves - S2-S4 level sacral level

  • main parasympathetic nerves and ‘make you pee’
  • contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter.

The hypogastric nerves - T10-12 level of the spinal cord

  • main sympathetic nerves and ‘stop you peeing’
  • promote detrusor relaxation and internal sphincter contraction.

The pudendal nerves- S2-S4 sacral level

  • main somatic nerves
  • innervate the striated muscle of the pelvic floor and the external sphincter.
39
Q

What part of the male urethra recieves the ejaculatory duct?

A

Prostatic urethra

40
Q

What is the medical term for the action of urinating?

A

Micturition

41
Q

What is the functional unit of the urinary system?

A

Nephron

42
Q

What is the uriniferous tubule composed of?

A

Nephron and collecting duct

43
Q

What is the nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscles and renal tubules

44
Q

What is the renal corpuscles composed of?

A

Glomerulus and bowmen’s capsule

45
Q

What is the class of the epithelium in the collecting tubules of the kidneys?

A

Cuboidal

46
Q

What is the class of the loop of Henle epithelium in the kidney medulla?

A

Squamous epithelium

47
Q

What is the class of the ureter epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

48
Q

How is the lumen of the ureters shaped?

A

Star shaped

49
Q

What muscles are in the wall of the ureters?

A

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Outer circular smooth muscle

50
Q

What is the classification of epithelium in the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

51
Q

What muscles are in the wall of the bladder?

A

Inner longitudinal smooth muscle

Middle circular smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle

52
Q

What are some common diseases of the urinary system?

A
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Kidney stone/renal calculi
  • Kidney failure and dialysis
  • Urinary incontinence
    • Common after childbirth/old age/in female
53
Q

What does UTI stand for?

A

Urinary tract infection

54
Q

What are some important markers of kidney disease?

A
  • High protein (albumin) levels in urine
    • Proteinuria
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
    • Increased level of serum creatinine/urea
55
Q

What is the medical term for high protein in urine?

A

Proteinuria

56
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular filtration rate

57
Q

What are some common congenital abnormalities of the urinary system?

A

Aberrant renal arteries

Horseshoe kidney

Pelvic kidney

Unilateral double kidney

2A - Urinary System (30 decks)

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