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Lindsays Flashcardlet > RE Chapter 14 > Flashcards

RE Chapter 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Graham’s Law

A

The rate of gas diffusion through an orifice (effusion) is inversely proportional to the square route of its molecular weight

r=1/√ mw
*faster diffusion for smaller molecules

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1
Q

Henry’s Law

A

At a constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface

p=kc
**(p is partial pressure, k is henry’s constant, c is concentration of solute in solution)

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2
Q

What five factors determine diffusion?

A

Directly proportional: concentration gradient, tissue area, fluid tissue solubility

indirectly proportional: membrane thickness, molecular weight

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3
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equilibrate a concentration gradient

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4
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The force needed to stop osmosis

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5
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The osmotic pressure by plasma proteins & electrolytes in capillaries.

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6
Q

What is normal oncotic pressure?

A

28 mmhg

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7
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Diffiusion of a gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, membrane solubility of the gas, & membrane area. It is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and molecular weight.

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8
Q

Fick equation for diffusion of respiratory gases

A

J=αD/∆x(Pao2 - Pacapo2)

J - diffusion flux
α - solubility constant for o2
D - diffusivity
∆x - membrane thickness
(Pao2-Pcapo2) - alveolar-capillary o2 partial pressure difference
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9
Q

What is the force of gravity?

A

9.81 m/sec/sec

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10
Q

One newton =

A

1/9.81 kg wight or 102 g weight

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11
Q

What is the formula for force?

A

F=ma

m-mass
a-acceleration

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12
Q

What is a dyne?

A

1/1000th of a newton

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13
Q

Normal PVR

A

100 - 200 dyne sec/cm^5

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14
Q

Formula for calculating SVR

A

80 x (MAP-CVP)/CO

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15
Q

Normal SVR

A

900-1200 dyne sec/cm^5

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16
Q

Definition of pressure

A

force over area

P = f/a

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17
Q

What is a pascal?

A

Standard unit of measurement

Pa=1 N/ 1 m²

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18
Q

1 torr = _____ mmHg

A

1

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19
Q

1 kPa = ______ cm H2O = _______ mmHg

A

1 kPa = 10.2 cm H2O = 7.5 mmHg

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20
Q

gage pressure =

A

absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure

at sea level, 760-760= 0

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21
Q

What is absolute zero?

A

0º K

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22
Q

Celsius to kelvin

A

K = C + 273

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23
Q

Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

F = 1.8(C) + 32

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24
Q

What is standard temperature?

A

273.15 K (0º C)

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25
Q

What are the 4 primary mechanisms of body heat loss?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Convection
  3. Conduction
  4. Evaporation
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26
Q

What is the most common source of heat loss? The least?

A

Most common is radiation, least is evaporation

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27
Q

What is latent heat of vaporization?

A

the amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase.

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28
Q

The rate of vaporization depends on what three things?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Vapor pressure of the liquid
  3. Partial pressure of the vapor above the evaporating liquid
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29
Q

Vapor pressure of isoflurane

A

238 mmHg

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30
Q

Vapor pressure of sevoflurane

A

160 mmHg

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31
Q

Vapor pressure of desflurane

A

660 mmHg

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32
Q

Universal Gas Law

A

PV=nrT

P-pressure
V-volume
n-number of moles
r-constant 
T - temp in K
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33
Q

r (constant in universal gas law) =

A

0.08221 L x atm / K / mol

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34
Q

One mole of any gas at 0º C will expand to _____ liters volume

A

22.4 (standard molar volume)

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35
Q

With n held constant the universal gas law is….

A

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

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36
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Pressure & Volume are indirectly proportional

P1V1=P2V2

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37
Q

Charles law

A

Temperature and volume are directly proportional

V1/T1 = V2/T2

38
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Pressure and Temperature are directly proportional

P1/T1 = P2/T2

39
Q

Avagadro’s number shows that a mole of any gas has ________ molecules

A

6.023 x 10^23

40
Q

Dalton’s gas law

A

The total pressure of a system is the additive pressures of each individual gas in a mixture

Pgas = Pa+Pb+Pc…

41
Q

How do you determine the partial pressure of a gas based on dalton’s law?

A

P(gas) = (volume %) x Ptotal

ex: medical air (79% nitrogen& 21% air) Ptotal is 760 mmHg
Pnitrogen = .79 x 760 = 600.4 mmHg
Po2 = .21x760 = 159.6 mmHg

42
Q

What is the definition of flow?

A

The quantity of fluid passing a point per unit time

F = Q/t

43
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

type of flow in which all molecules of a fluid travel in parallel within the tube. The molecules in the center move at a velocity twice as fast compared to flow at the walls.

44
Q

In what part of the airways do you see laminar flow?

A

The terminal bronchioles (smallest airways)

45
Q

What type of flow does poiselle’s law describe?

A

Laminar

46
Q

Equation for poiselle’s law

A

F=(πr⁴∆P)/(8nl)

r⁴ - radius to the 4th power
n - viscosity of fluid
∆P - pressure gradient
l - length of tube

47
Q

According to poiselle’s law _____ will have the most dramatic effect on flow.

A

radius

48
Q

doubling the radius will result in a ____-fold increase in flow, tripling the radius will result in a ______-fold increase in flow.

A

doubling - 16-fold increase

tripling - 81-fold incerase

49
Q

What does reynolds number determine?

A

Whether a given flow will be laminar or turbulent.

50
Q

What is the equation for reynolds number?

A

vpd/n

v-velocity
p-density
d-diameter
n-viscosity

51
Q

What does a reynolds number of greater than 2000 indicate? less than 2000?

A

> 2000 = turbulent flow

<2000 = laminar flow

52
Q

What does the bernoulli principle describe?

A

In a tube containing a constriction, at the constriction the velocity of flow increases and there is a corresponding decrease in pressure at the narrowing.

53
Q

What does Laplace’s law describe?

A

The relationship of wall tension to pressure and radius in cylinders & spheres

54
Q

Laplace’s law equation for a cylinder

A

T = Pr

T-tension
P-pressure
r-radius

55
Q

Laplace’s law for a sphere

A

2T=Pr

56
Q

What unit is tension measured in?

A

N/cm

57
Q

100mmHg=______N/cm²

A

1.33

58
Q

What are transverse waves? Name an example.

A

Composed of up-and-down movement

ex. electromagnetic radiation waves

59
Q

What are longitudinal waves? Name an example.

A

composed of back-and-fourth movements along the direction of the wave. These are pressure fluctuations
ex. sound waves

60
Q

What is impedance?

A

The total of all forces that impede electrical flow

61
Q

What is capacitance?

A

The capacity to store charge

62
Q

What is electromagnetic inductance?

A

transfer of electric current between circuits without physical contact, using magnetic waves.

63
Q

What is macroshock?

A

large amounts of current conducted though a patient’s skin.

64
Q

macroshock of ___ -___mA can cause ventricular fibrillation

A

100-300

65
Q

What is microshock?

A

The delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart.

66
Q

What level of microshock may cause ventricular fibrillation in humans?

A

100 μA

67
Q

In pulse oximetry oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs ________(infrared/visible red) to a wavelength of _____ nanometers.

A

infrared / 940 nanometers

68
Q

In pulse oximetry deoxygenated hemoglobin absorbs _______(infrared/visible red) frequency at a wavelength of _____ nanometers

A

visible red / 660

69
Q

SaO2 of 90% corresponds with a PaO2 of ______ mmHg

A

60

70
Q

SaO2 of 70% corresponds with a PaO2 of ________ mmHg and cyanosis is apparent

A

40

71
Q

The physical sharing of electrons between atoms is called a ______ bond.

A

covalent

72
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.

73
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules composed entirely of carbon atoms with hydrogen atom attached

74
Q

What are alkanes?

A

hydrocarbons containing only single-bonded carbon atoms.

75
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Single-bonded carbon chains with all available carbon bonds attached to hydrogen

76
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

One or more double/triple bonds between carbon atoms.

77
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Hydrocarbon containing double bonded carbons.

78
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

triple-bonded hydrocarbons

79
Q

Amine

A

NR3 (only 1 or two of the Rs may be hydrogen)

Derivatives of ammonia (NH3)

80
Q

Alcohols

A

ROH - R represents an alkyl group

81
Q

Phenols

A

ROH - R represents an aryl group (benzene)

82
Q

Ethers

A

ROR’ - where R and R’ are alkyl groups attached by O2

83
Q

Carbonyl group

A

C=O key component in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides

84
Q

Aldehydes

A

RCHO

85
Q

Ketones

A

RCOR’

86
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

RCOOH

87
Q

Esters

A

RCOOR

88
Q

Amides

A

RCONH2, RCONHR, or RCONR2

89
Q

Normal Axis Deviation

A

-30º to +90º

Lead I = positive
Lead aVF = positive

90
Q

Left Axis Deviation

A

-30º to -90º

Lead I = positive
Lead aVF = negative

91
Q

Right Axis Deviation

A

+90º to +/- 180º

Lead I = Negative
Lead II = Positive

92
Q

Superior Right Axis Deviation

A

-90º to +/-180º

Lead I = negative
Lead aVF = negative

Lindsays Flashcardlet (27 decks)

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