RD and RF Flashcards
Gas exchange
Air taken in during inspiration –> O2 diffuses from alveoli –> into blood (some dissolves into plasma) –> most O2 is attached to hemoglobin
As blood passes through the lungs –> CO2 diffuses from the blood –> into alveoli –> exhaled
Lung parenchyma
Portion of lungs involved in gas exchange
02 consumption per minute for adults vs infants
Adults 3 to 4 ml/kg per minute
Infants 6 to 8 ml/kg per minute
Early Signs of Tissue Hypoxia
- Tachypnea
- Inc respiratory effort - nasal flaring, retractions
- Tachycardia
- Pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- Agitation, Anxiety, Irritability
Late Signs of Tissue Hypoxia
- Bradypnea
- Inc resp - head bobbing, seesaw resp, grunting
- Bradycardia
- Pallor, mottling, cyanosis
- Dec LOC
atmospheric pressure during inspiraration
intrathoracic is less than atmospheric pressure
Mainly diaphragm, intervcostal muscles, accessory muscles
atmospheric pressure during expiration
less than intrathoracic pressure. Relaxation of the inspiratory muscles and elastic recoil of lung and chest wall
What happens when the diaphragm is flattened..
Contraction is less forceful and ventilation is less efficient. (eg acute asthma)
3 things that control breathing
- Voluntary
- central and peripheral chemoreceptors
- Brainstem resp centers
Spontaneous breathing is controlled by..
a group of resp centers located in the brainstem
Voluntary breathing is controlled by…
Cerebral Cortex
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in…
Hydrogen ion of CSF
largely determined by PaCO2
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in…
Decrease in PAO2
Upper airway obstruction location
Outside the thorax
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx
Signs of upper airway
Stridor (insp)
Hoarseness, Cry, Barking Cough
Drooling, Snoring, Gurgling Sound
Sings of lower airway
Wheezing (exp)
Lung Tissue Disease explanation
Disease involving the substance of the lung
Child’s lungs become stiff
Fluid accumulation in alveoli, interstitum
Signs of lung tissue disease
Grunting, Crackles
Trying to increase end-expiratory pressure
Signs of disorder control of breathing
Child is “Breathing funny”
Reasons for disorder control of breathing
CNS infections, seizures, brain tumor, OD, metabolic abnormalities`
2 lower airway obstruction causes
- Asthma
2. Broncholitis