RCS Flashcards
What is Research (in general)?
What’s the purpose of Research in Clinical and Healthcare?
What are the 2 general types of research?
What is the difference between Experimental Studies vs. Observational Studies?
What is the purpose of a sample?
And what does it estimate?
What is the sources of sampling error?
Purpose: Represent population.
Estimat population parameter(s).
The sources: Sample size, and Sampling technique.
What are the 3 Analytical Dimensions of the sociology of health? (Hint: Micro, Macro and Health as more than…)
What are the Social Aspects of Health, and why? (6)
- Social class - Social economic status is associated with morbidity and mortality.
- Gender - men are more likely to be risk takers and do more dangerous jobs.
- Ethnicity - Ethnic minority groups have generally poorer health outcomes.
- Culture - culture shapes our thinkking about health and illness.
- Work conditions: poor work conditions are linked with poor mental andphysical health.
- Unemployment: unemployment is linked with poor mental and physical health.
- Social network: social networks have an impact on people’s wellbeing.
What is the definition of a Risk Factor?
What’s the definition of association between two factors, and how is it related to causality?
Association is the occurence of two events, causalty means that one of them led to the other.
How do you calculate relative risk? Calculate the RR of getting lung cancer between groups of past/current smoker and those who never smoked, from the data:
Relative risk is the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group.
What is a cohort study?
It is a Prospective design, where subjects typically slected independently or risk factor. The cohort are a sample of subjects with commonly defined charcteristics, which we follow throughout a time period. This is a longitudinal study.
Definition of a confounder?
Associated with risk factor, without being consequence of it. Associated with disease, independently of risk factor.
What are the advantages and disadvatages of Cohort Studies?
What is attributable risk?
Attributable risk (AR) or risk difference is the difference between the incidence rates in exposed and non-exposed groups. In a cohort study, AR is calculated as the difference in cumulative incidences (risk difference) or incidence densities (rate difference). This reflects the absolute risk of the exposure or the excess risk of the outcome (e.g. disease) in the exposed group compared with the non-exposed group.
