rbp;

Question 1

full name of darwins famous book

Answer 1

on the origin of species by means of natural selection

Question 2

date darwin published origin of species

Answer 2

november 24, 1859

Question 3

the origin of species focused biologists’ attention on _______

Answer 3

the great diversity of organisms

Question 4

darwin’s 2 major points in the origin of species

Answer 4

1. he presented evidence that the many species of organisms presently inhabiting earth are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the modern species
2. he proposed a mechanism for this evolutionary process – natural selection

Question 5

the basic idea of natural selection is that ________

Answer 5

a population can change over generations if individuls that possess certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals

Question 6

the result of natural selection is _______

Answer 6

evolutionary adaptation – an accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments

Question 7

we can define evolution as

Answer 7

a change over time in the genetic composition of a population

Question 8

we can also use the tem evolution on a grand scale to mean ________

Answer 8

the gradual appearance of all biological diversity

Question 9

aristotle’s views in evolution

Answer 9

he views species as unchanging. through his observations, he recognized certain “affinities” among living things. he concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or cale, of increasing complexity, later called the scala naturae

Question 10

scala naturae

Answer 10

“scale of nature”

each form of life, perfect and permanent, had its allotted rung on this ladder.

it was a ladder of increasing complexity

Question 11

carolus linnaeus

Answer 11

swedish physician and botanist who sought to classify life’s diversity “for the greater glory of god”

Question 12

linnaeus founded ______ and developed ______

Answer 12

taxonomy;

binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species

Question 13

taxonomy

Answer 13

the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms

Question 14

the scalar naturae system was a ______ ______

Answer 14

linear hierarchy

Question 15

to linnaeus, the observation that some species resemble each other

Answer 15

didn’t imply evolutionary kinship, but rather the pattern of their creation

Question 16

_____ helped to lay the groundwork for darwin’s ideas

Answer 16

the study of fossils

Question 17

fossils

Answer 17

remains or traces of organisms from the past, found in sedimentary rocks

Question 18

sedimantary rocks

Answer 18

formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes. new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata

Question 19

paleontology

Answer 19

study of fossils; largely developed by french scientist Georges Cuvier

Question 20

in examining rock layers in the paris region, cuvier noted that

Answer 20

the deeper the strata, the more dissimilar the fossils are from current life. also, from one stratum to the next, some new species appear while others disappear

Question 21

cuvier staunchly opposed

Answer 21

the idea of gradual evolutionary change

Question 22

cuvier advocated

Answer 22

catastrophism, speculating that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that destroyed many of the species living at the time

Question 23

cuvier proposed that periodic catastrophes

Answer 23

were usually confined to local geographic regions, which were repopulated by species immigrating from other areas

Question 24

gradualism

Answer 24

the idea that profound change can take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

Question 25

james hutton

Answer 25

scottish geologist who proposed that earth’s geologic feature could be explained by gradual mechanisms CURRENTLY operating in the world. he suggested that valleys were formed by rivers wearing thru rocks and that sedimentary rocks containing marine fossils were formed from particles that had eroded from the land and been carried by rivers to the sea

Question 26

charles lyell

Answer 26

leading geologist of darwin’s time. he incorporated hutton’s thinking into a more comprehensive theory known as uniformitarianism – the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate

Question 27

darwin agreed that if geologic change results from slow, continuous actions rather than sudden events, then

Answer 27

earth must be much older than the 6,000 years that theologians estimated. he later reasoned that similarly slow and subtle prcesses could act on living organisms

Question 28

during the 18th century, several naturalists suggested that

Answer 28

life evolves as environments change

Question 29

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

Answer 29

french biologist who developed a comprehensive model for how life evolves. he is primarily remembered today not for his visionary recognition that evolutionary chnage explains the fossil record and organisms’ adaptations to their environments, but for the incorrect mechanism he proposed to explain how evolution occurs

Question 30

lamarck published his theory in

Answer 30

1809, the year darwin was born

Question 31

by comparing current species with fossil forms, lamarck had found what appeared to be

Answer 31

several lines of descent, each a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species

Question 32

lamarck’s 2 big principles

Answer 32

use and disuse; inheritance of acquired characteristics

both were commonly accepted at that time

Question 33

use and disuse

Answer 33

the idea that parts of the body that are use extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate

Question 34

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 34

stated that an organism could pass use and disuse modifications to its offspring

Question 35

lamarck also thought that evolution happens because

Answer 35

organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

Question 36

darwin thought that variation was introduced into the evolutionary process through

Answer 36

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 37

lamarck was vilified in his own time, esp. by

Answer 37

cuvier, who denied that species ever evolve

Question 38

darwin was born in

Answer 38

1809, ,shrewsbury in western england

Question 39

darwin’s father sent darwin to

Answer 39

univ. of edinburgh to study medicine

Question 40

at cambridge, darwin became the protege of

Answer 40

reverend john henslow, a professor of botany

Question 41

john henslow

Answer 41

recommended darwin to captain robert fitzroy, who was preparing the survey ship HMS Beagle for a voyage around the world

Question 42

the primary mission of the Beagle voyage was to

Answer 42

chart poorly known stretches of the south american coastline

Question 43

darwin noted that the plants and animals in temperate regions of south america more closely resembled

Answer 43

species living in the south american tropics than species in temperate regions of europe

Question 44

the south american fossils darwin found, though clearly different from living species, were

Answer 44

distinctly south american in their resemblance to the living organisms of the continent

Question 45

lyell’s book

Answer 45

principles of geology

Question 46

darwin experienced geologic chance firsthand when

Answer 46

a violent earthquake rocked the coast of chile, and he observed afterward that the coastline had risen by several feet

Question 47

finding fossils of organisms high in the andes mountains, darwin inferred that

Answer 47

the rocks containing fossils must have been raised there by a long series of similar earthquakes

Question 48

darwin learned from lyell that

Answer 48

the traditional view of a static earth only a few thousand years old was not valid

Question 49

galapagos

Answer 49

a group of geologically young volcanic islands located near the equator about 900 km west of south america

Question 50

darwin found that although the galapagos animals resembled species living on the south american mainland, most of the lived nowhere else in the world. he hypothesized that

Answer 50

the galapagos had been colonized by organisms that had strayed from south america and had then diversified on the various islands

Question 51

darwin perceived _____ and ______ as closely related processes

Answer 51

adaptation to the environment; the origin of new species

Question 52

in the year ____, darwin wrote a long essay on _____ but ____

Answer 52

1844; the origin of species and natural selection; was reluctant to introduce his theory publicly, apparently b/c he anticipated the uproar it would cause

Question 53

lyell, not yet hiself convinced of evolution, nevertheless urged darwin to

Answer 53

publish on the subject before someone else came to the same conclusions and published first

Question 54

alfred russel wallace

Answer 54

young british naturalist working in the east indies who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to darwin’s. in june 1858, wallace asked darwin to evaluate his paper and forward it to lyell if it merited publication

Question 55

lyell and a colleague presented wallace’s paper + extracts of darwin’s unpublished 1844 essay to the

Answer 55

linnean society of london

Question 56

within a decade, darwin’s book and its proponents had

Answer 56

convinced most biologists that biological diversity was the product of evolution

Question 57

darwin followed up his 1st book w/ other pioneering work, in particular

Answer 57

an exploration of the type of natural selection known as sexual selection

Question 58

in publishing his theory, darwin developed 2 main ideas:

Answer 58

that evolution explains life’s unity and diversity and that natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Question 59

in the 1st edition of the origin of species,

Answer 59

darwin didn’t use the word evolution until the very end

Question 60

descent w/ modification

Answer 60

a phrase that summarized darwin’s view of life. he perceived unity of life, w/ all organisms related thru descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past. as the descendants of that ancestral organism spilled into various habitats over millions of years, they accumulated diverse modifications, or adaptations, that fit them to specific ways of life

Question 61

most branches of evolutions

Answer 61

are dead ends. about 99% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct

Question 62

who are the elephants’ nearest relatives

Answer 62

manatees and hyraxes

Question 63

linaeus had realized that ____, but ____

Answer 63

some organisms resemble each other more closely than others, but he hadn’t linked these resemblances to evolution

Question 64

to darwin, the linnaean hierarchy reflected

Answer 64

the branching history of the tree of life, with organisms at the various taxonomic levels related through descent from common ancestors

Question 65

for any species population sizes would

Answer 65

increase exponentially if all individuals that are born reproduced succssfully

Question 66

populations tend to

Answer 66

remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctations

Question 67

production of more individiuals than the environment can support leads to

Answer 67

a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, w/ only a fraction of their offspring surviving each generation

Question 68

darwin perceived an important connection between

Answer 68

natural selection, which results from what he called the struggle for existence, ad the capacity of organisms to “overreproduce”

Question 69

thomas malthus

Answer 69

contended that much of human suffering – disease, famine, homelessness, and war – was the inescapable consequence of the human population’s potential to increase faster than food and other resources.

Question 70

increases in the frequencies of favored traits in a population,

Answer 70

which are always taking place regardless of whether the environment is changing, are an important source of evolutionary modification

Question 71

darwin derived another piece of his theory from

Answer 71

the many familiar examples of selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals

Question 72

artificial selection

Answer 72

process by which humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess derived traits

Question 73

natural selection

Answer 73

is the differential success in reproduction among individuals that vary in their heritable traits. these reproductive differences emerge as each individual interacts w/ its environment

Question 74

over time, natural selection

Answer 74

can increase the adaptation of organisms to their environment

Question 75

if an environment changes over time, or if individuals of a particular species move to a new enviornment,

Answer 75

natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process

Question 76

smallest unit that can evolve

Answer 76

population

Question 77

evolution can be measured only as

Answer 77

changes in relative proportions of heritable variations in a population over a succession of generations

Question 78

although natural selection occurs thru interactions btwn individual organisms and their enviornment,

Answer 78

individuals DO NOT evolve

Question 79

natural selection can amplify or diminish ONLY

Answer 79

heritable traits

Question 80

environmental factors vary from place to place and from time to time. therefore,

Answer 80

a trait that is favorable in one situation may be useless, or even detrimental, in different circumstances

Question 81

natural selection is more a ____ than a ______

Answer 81

process of editing; creative mechanism

Question 82

homology

Answer 82

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 83

homologous structures

Answer 83

represent varations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor.

similar structure, different function

Question 84

comparative embryology

Answer 84

comparison of early stages of animal development

Question 85

vestigial organs

Answer 85

type of homologous structures. vestigial organs are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

Question 86

b/c evolution can modify only existing structures and functions, it often

Answer 86

produces less than perfect results

Question 87

biogeography

Answer 87

the geographic distribution of species

Question 88

closely related species tend to

Answer 88

be found in the same geographic region

Question 89

the same ecological niches in distant regions are

Answer 89

occupied by very different, though sometimes similar-looking, species

Question 90

eutherians

Answer 90

mammals that complete their embryonic development in the uterus

Question 91

marsupials

Answer 91

are born as embryos and complete their development in an external pouch

Question 92

analogous/convergent structures

Answer 92

that they serve the same function in different species but they evolved independently rather than from the same embryological material or from the same structures in a common ancestor.

Question 93

endemic

Answer 93

found nowhere else in the world

Question 94

most island species are

Answer 94

closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring island

Question 95

2 islands with similar environments in different parts of the world are populated

Answer 95

not by closely related species but rather by species that resemble those of the nearest mainland, where the environment is often quite different

Question 96

comparative data from biochem, molecular bio, and cell bio suggest that ______ are the ancestors of all life and _____ should precede ______

Answer 96

prokaryotes

prokaryotes; all eukaryotic life

Question 97

the darwinian view of life predicts that evolutionary transitions should

Answer 97

leave signs in the fossil record