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50 Flashcards

1
Q

what # of species are undescribed

A

5-30 million

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2
Q

organismal ecology is subdivided into the disciplines of

A

physiological, evolutionary, behavioral ecology

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3
Q

organismal ecology concerns hw

A

an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment

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4
Q

population ecology concentrates mainly on

A

factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area

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5
Q

community ecology focuses on how

A

interactions affect community structure and organization

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6
Q

in ecosystem ecology, the emphasis is on

A

energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

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7
Q

landscape ecology focuses on

A

the factors controlling excahnges of energy, materials, and organisms among the ecosystem patches making up a landscape/seascape

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8
Q

patchiness

A

environmentl characteristic; every landscape/seascape consists of a mosaic of diff types of “patches”

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9
Q

precautionary principle

A

the introduction of a new product or process whose ultimate effects are disputed or unknown should be resisted

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10
Q

dispersal

A

movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin

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11
Q

one direct way to determine if dispersal is a key factor limiting distribution is to

A

observe the results of intentional/accidental transplants of a species to areas where it was previously absent

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12
Q

for a transplant to be considered successful,

A

some of the organisms must not only survive in the new area but also reproduce there

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13
Q

a transplant’s success may not be determined until

A

at least 1 life cycle is complete

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14
Q

if a transplant is successful, then we can conclude that

A

the potential range of the species > actual range; the species could live in certain areas wher eit currently doesn’t

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15
Q

when individuals seem to avoid certain habitats, even when the habitats are suitable, their distribution may be limited by

A

habitat selection behavior

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16
Q

photoperiod

A

relative lenghts of daytime and nighttime

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17
Q

wind amplifies the effects of environmental temperature on organisms by

A

increasing heat loss due to evaporation and convection; increasing the rate of evaporative cooling and transpiration

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18
Q

wind can have a substantial effect on the morphology of plants by

A

inhibitng the growth of limbs on the windward side of trees, resulting in a “flagged” appearance

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19
Q

4 abiotic factors __ are the major components of climate

A

temp, water, sunlight, wind

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20
Q

climatic factors, particularly __ and __, have a major influence on the distribution of organisms

A

temp and water

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21
Q

macroclimate

A

patterns on the global, regional, local level

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22
Q

microclimate

A

very fine patterns – ex, those underneath fallen log

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23
Q

earths global climate patterns are determined largely by

A

input of solar energy, planet’s movement in space

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24
Q

__ contribute to the patchiness of the biosphere

A

regional and local climate variations

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25
Q

earths curved shape causes

A

latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity

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26
Q

tropics

A

regions that lie btwn 23.5degnorth and 23.5degsouth latitude

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27
Q

at higher latitudes, sunlight strikes earth at an __, and thus __

A

oblique angle; light energy is more diffuse

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28
Q

earths tilt causes

A

seasonal variation in solar radiation intensity

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29
Q

bc the planet is tilted on its axis by 23.5deg relative to its plane of orbit around the sun, the tropics experience

A

greatest annual solar radiation input and the least seasonal variation

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30
Q

seasonal variations of _ and _ ______

A

light, temp, ; increase steadily toward the poles

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31
Q

march,september equinox:

equator? pole? hours of sunlight/darkness

A

equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions experience 12h daylight, 12h darkness

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32
Q

december solstice: northerm hemipshere __, winter begins in __, summer begins in __

A

tilts away from sun; NH; SH

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33
Q

june solstice: northerm hemipshere __, winter begins in __, summer begins in __

A

tilts toward sun; SH,NH

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34
Q

as earth rotates on its axis, land __ moves __ than __, ___________ and creating __ and __

A

land near equator moves faster than land at poles, deflecting the winds from the vertical paths shown above; more easterly and westerly flows

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35
Q

cooling trade winds

A

blow easter to west in tropics

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36
Q

prevailing westerlies

A

west to east in temperate zones

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37
Q

temperate zones

A

regions btwn tropics and arctic/antarctic circle

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38
Q

high temps in tropics evaporate water from earths surface and cause warm, west air masses to rise and __

A

flow toward poles

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39
Q

high-altitude air masses (after releasing water content in tropics), now dry, descend toward earth, _____(2)

A

absorb moisture from land and creating an arid climate that make deserts common at 30degN and S latitudes

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40
Q

the air masses again rise and release abundant precipitation @

A

latitudes around 60deg N and S

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41
Q

why are the polar regions rainless and bitterly cold

A

air masses from 60deg latitudes flow toward the poles, where they absorb moisture and descend and flow back to the equator

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42
Q

when land is hotter than a large lake/ocean?

A

air over the land heats up and rises, drawing a cool breeze across the land

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43
Q

when large lake/ocean warmer than land?

A

air over water rises, drawing cooler air from the land to the water, replacing land’s cool air with warmer air

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44
Q

what causes upwelling

A

seasonal changges in wind patterns

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45
Q

what causes development of tropical deciduous forests

A

belts of wet and dry air on both sides of equator move slightly northward and southward w/ the changing angle of sun, producing marked wet and dry seasons around 20deg latitudes

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46
Q

turnover defnition

A

lakes, semiannual mixing of waters as a result of changing temperature profiles

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47
Q

turnover brings

A

oxygenated water from lakes surface to bottom and nutrient-rich water from bottom to surface

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48
Q

when do turnovers occur

A

spring and autumn

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49
Q

why do cleared areas experience greater temperature extremes than forested areas

A

greater solar radiation and wind currents that are established by the rapid heating and cooling of open land

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50
Q

2 master factors limiting geographic ranges of organisms

A

temp and moisture

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51
Q

until __ yrs ago, continental glaciers covered north armerica and eurasia

A

16,000

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52
Q

what happened to tree distribution when climate warmed

A

tree distribution expanded northward

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53
Q

biomes

A

major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land/water

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54
Q

__ account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area

A

aquatic biomes

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55
Q

marine biomes salt concentrations

A

average 3%

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56
Q

freshwater biomes salt concentrations

A

<1%

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57
Q

the largest marine biomes, the __, cover __% of earths surface

A

oceans; 75

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58
Q

photic zone

A

upper layer; sufficient light for photosynthesis

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59
Q

aphotic zone

A

lower layer; little light penetrates

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60
Q

benthic zone

A

at the bottom of all aquatic biomes

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61
Q

benthic zone made of __ and __

A

sand, organic and inorganic sediments “ooze”

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62
Q

benthic zone occupied by

A

communities of organisms collectively called benthos

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63
Q

detritus

A

major food source for benthos; dead organic matter; rains down from photic zone

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64
Q

in aquatic environments, communities are distributed according to (4)

A

water depth, degree of light penetration, distance from shore, open water vs bottom

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65
Q

(3) found in photic zone

A

phyto, zooplankton, many fish species

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66
Q

most of the ocean volume is

A

virtually devoid of light (aphotic zone) and harbors relatively little life

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67
Q

(3) found in aphotic zone

A

microorganisms, sparse populations of luminescent fishes and invertebrates

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68
Q

temperate vs tropical lowland lakes

A

temperate: seasonal thermocline

trop lowland: year-round thermocline

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69
Q

__ is low in oligotrophic lakes and high in eutrophic lakes

A

amount of decomposable organic matter in bottom sediments

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70
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich

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71
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor if ice-covered in winter and in deepest zone during summer

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72
Q

oligotophic vs eutrophic lakes in terms of geologic features

A

oligotrophics tend to have less surface area relative to their depth

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73
Q

littoral zone

A

shallow, well-lighted waters close to shore

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74
Q

littoral zone inhabitants

A

rooted and floating aquatic plants

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75
Q

limnetic zone

A

water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants

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76
Q

limnetic zone inhabitats

A

phyto, zooplankton and cyanobacteria

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77
Q

profundal zone

A

deep, open water, aphotic

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78
Q

top to bottom, lake layers

A

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

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79
Q

benthic zone inhabitants

A

variety of invertebrate animals; species composition depends on oxygen levels

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80
Q

wetland

A

area covered w/ water for a long enough period to support aquatic plants

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81
Q

basin wetlands

A

develop in shallow basins, ranging from upland depressions to filled-in lakes and ponds

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82
Q

riverine wetlands

A

develop along shallow and periodically flooded banks of rivers and streams

83
Q

fringe wetlands

A

occur along the coasts of large lakes and seas, where water flows back and forth b/c of rising lake levels or tidal actions; include both freshwater and marine biomes

84
Q

swamps and bogs vegetation

A

swamps: woody plants
bogs: sphagnum mosses

85
Q

wetlands are among the most

A

productive biomes on earth

86
Q

chemical environment of wetlands

A

high organic production and decomposition; low in dissolved oxygens

87
Q

wetlands have a high capacity to

A

filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants

88
Q

most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers

A

current

89
Q

headwater streams are

A

cold, clear, turbulent, swift

90
Q

farther downstream,

A

tributaries may have joined and formed a river; warmer and more turbid due to sediment

91
Q

streams and rivers stratification

A

vertical zones, extending from surface water thru groundwater

92
Q

headwaters are rich in

A

oxygen

93
Q

chemical environment: streams and rivers; change?

A

salt and nutrient content of streams and rivers increases from headwaters to the mouth

94
Q

headwater streams that flow thru grasslands/deserts may be rich in what vegetation

A

algae or rooted aquatic plants

95
Q

streams that flow through temperate/tropical forests: __ is source of food for aquatic consumers

A

leaves and other organic matter produced by terrestrial vegetation are the primary source of food for aquatic consumers

96
Q

in rivers, a large fraction of the organic matter consists of

A

dissolved and highly fragmented material carried by the current from forested headwater streams

97
Q

estuary

A

transition area btwn river and sea

98
Q

describe estuary flow patterns

A

rising tide: seawater flows up the estuary channel

falling tide: seawater flows back down again

99
Q

salinity varies w/

A

rise and fall of tides

100
Q

__ make estuaries, like wetlands, __

A

nutrients from the river; among the most productive biomes

101
Q

__ and ___ create a complex network of tidal channels, islands, natural levees, and mudflats

A

estuarine flow patterns, sediments carried by river and tidal water

102
Q

major producers in estuaries

A

saltmarsh grasses, algae (inc. phytoplankton)

103
Q

b/c of the abundant food in estuaries, many marine invertebrates and fishes use them as a

A

breeding ground

104
Q

intertidal zone

A

periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, 2x daily on most marine shores

105
Q

intertidal zone: __ and __ levels are __high/low;

renewed w/

A

oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high;

renewed w/ each turn of the tides

106
Q

__ zone of rocky intertidal zones has more biodiversity

A

lower

107
Q

substrates of intertidal zones are either __ or __

A

rocky, sandy

108
Q

oceanic pelagic biome is

A

vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents

109
Q

__ turn over during __

A

surface waters of temperate ocean areas; fall thru spring

110
Q

b/c of __, the __ zone of the __ biome extends to greater depths than in __

A

higher water clarity, photic, oceanic pelagic, coastal marine waters

111
Q

oxygen levels in oceanic pelagic biome

A

high

112
Q

oceanic pelagic biome – __ lower than in coastal waters

A

nutrient concentrations

113
Q

b/c they’re __, some __ areas of oceanic pelagic biome have lower nutrient concentrations than __ regions

A

thermally stratified; tropical, temperate

114
Q

oceanic pelagic biome covers __% of earths surface

A

70

115
Q

oceanic pelagic biome has average depth of nearly

A

4000 m

116
Q

deepest pt in the ocean is ___ beneath the surface

A

> 10,000 m

117
Q

__ and __ produces a surge of phytoplankton growth

A

spring turnover, renewal of nutrients in temperate oceans

118
Q

photosynthetic plankton account ofr __ of the phtosynthetic activity on earth

A

less than half

119
Q

reef building corals are limited to the ____

A

photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments w/ high water clarity

120
Q

corals are sensitive to temps below __ and above __

A

18 to 20 C, 30C

121
Q

corals require __

A

high oxygen levels

122
Q

corals are excluded by

A

high inputs of freshwater and nutrients

123
Q

corals require __ for attachment

A

solid substrate

124
Q

coral reef

A

formed largely from calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, develops over a long time on oceanic islands

125
Q

describe formation of coral reef

A

begins as a fringing reef on a young, high island

forms offshore barrier reef later in the history of the island

becomes a coral atoll as older island submerges

126
Q

mutualistic relationship within corals?

A

unicellular algae live within tissues of corals, provides corals w/ organic molecules

127
Q

__ and __ contribute substantial amounts of photosynthesis on coral reefs

A

red, green algae

128
Q

corals are a diverse group of

A

cnidarians

129
Q

marine benthic zone

A

consists of seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone and offshore pelagic zone

130
Q

neritic

A

coastal

131
Q

most of the oceans benthic zone

A

receives no sunlight

132
Q

abyssal zone

A

very deep benthic zone; deepest regions of ocean floor

133
Q

temps in abyssal zone

A

around 3degC

134
Q

chemical environment of benthic zone

A

oxygen is present at sufficient concentrations to support a diversity of animals

135
Q

__ cover most of the benthic zone

A

soft sediments

136
Q

photosynthetic organisms, mainly __ and __, ae limited to __

A

seaweeds, filamentous algae;

shallow benthic areas w/ sufficient light to support them

137
Q

deep-sea hydrothermal vents are of __ origin; located on __

A

volcanic; mid-ocean ridges

138
Q

deep-sea hydrothermal vents: describe environment

A

dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environments

139
Q

deep-sea hydrothermal vents: food producers are

A

chemoautotrophic prokaryotes that obtain energy by oxiding H2S formed by hot water reacting w/ dissolved sulfate

140
Q

more animals associated w/ deep-sea hydrothermal vents

A

giant tube dwelling worms

141
Q

giant tube dwelling worms are nourished by

A

chemosynthetic prokaryotes that live as symbionts within the worms

142
Q

invertebrates such as __ and __ are abundant around hydrothermal vents

A

arthropods and echinoderms

143
Q

beyond the photic zone, most consumers depend entirely on

A

organic matter raining down from above

144
Q

neritic benthic communities include __ and __

A

numerous invertebrates and fishes

145
Q

most impt abiotic factor in determining why a particular terrestrial biome is found in a certain area

A

climate

146
Q

climograph

A

plot of temp and precipitation in a particular region

147
Q

northern coniferous vs temperate forests; precipitation and temp

A

precipitation ranges are similar. temp ranges diff

148
Q

temperate grasslands found where

A

in middle latitudes

149
Q

forest layers top to bottom

A

canopy, low-tree stratum, shrub understory, ground layer of herbaceous plants, forest floor (litter layer), root layer

150
Q

ecotone

A

area of intergradation btwn biomes

151
Q

taiga

A

nothern coniferous forest

152
Q

in many biomes, the doinant plants depend on

A

periodic disturbance

153
Q

tropical rain forests precip

A

rainfall constant; 200-400 cm per year

154
Q

tropical dry forests precip

A

highly seasonal; 150-200 cm; 6-7 month dry season

155
Q

tropical forest temp

A

25-29C; little seasonal variation

156
Q

__ genrally cover forest trees

A

epiphytes such as bromeliads and orhcids

157
Q

__ dominant in tropical rain forests (vegtation)

A

broadleaf evergreen trees

158
Q

2 types of plants common in tropical dry forests

A

thorny shrubs, succulents

159
Q

deserts distribution

A

occur in a band near 30deg latitudes OR other latitudes in the interior of continents

160
Q

deserts precip

A

low and highly variable; <30 cm per year

161
Q

desert temp

A

variable seasonally and daily;
hot deserts: >50degC
cold: < -30

162
Q

savanna distribution

A

equatorial and subequatorial regions

163
Q

savanna precip: rainfall and dry season

A

rainfall: seasonal; 30-50 cm per year

dry season: up to 8 or 9 mo

164
Q

savanna temp

A

warm year-round, averaging 24-29 C

165
Q

temp in savanna vs tropical forests

A

savanna has more seasonal variation

166
Q

dominant vegetation in savanna

A

scattered trees; thorny w/ reduced leaf surface area

167
Q

chaparral distribution

A

midlatitude coastal regions; far-flung distribution

168
Q

what’s chaparral called in north america

A

chaparral

169
Q

what’s chaparral called in france

A

garigue, maquis

170
Q

what’s chaparral called in south africa

A

fynbos

171
Q

what’s chaparral called in spain and chile

A

matorral

172
Q

chaparral precip

A

highly seasonal. rainy winters, long and dry summers. 30-50 cm per year

173
Q

temp: each season and daytime

A

fall, winter, spring: 10-12C
summer: 30C
daytime max: >40C

174
Q

adaptations to drought in chaparral

A

tough evergreen leaves of woody plants, which reduce water loss

175
Q

chaparral dominated by (4)

A

shrubs, small trees, high diversity of grasses and herbs

176
Q

describe plant diversity in chaparral

A

high; many species confined to a specific, relatively small geogrphic area

177
Q

temperate grassland latitudes

A

north and south of 23.5deg lat

178
Q

temp (winter and summer) for temperate grassland

A

winter: cold. avg temps < -10C
summer: hot. approaching 30C

179
Q

precipitation in temperate grassland

A

precipitation is highly seasonal; dry winters, wet summers. 30 - 100cm annual prrecip; periodic drought common

180
Q

temperate grassland dominant plants (2)

A

grasses and forbs

181
Q

(2) animals temperate grasslands

A

large grazers; ex: bison, wild horses

burrowing mammals; ex prairie dog

182
Q

coniferous forest distribution

A

broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the arctic tundra; btwn 50degN and arctic circle

183
Q

coniferous forest precipitation

A

30-70cm. periodic droughts are common.

184
Q

seasons coniferous forest

A

cold and long winters; hot summers

185
Q

temp coniferous forest

A

-70C; over 30C

186
Q

wat vegetation dominates fonierous forests

A

cone-bearing trees

187
Q

conical shape of conifers does what

A

prevents too much snow from accumulating and breaking their branches

188
Q

temperate braodleaf forest distribution

A

midlatitudes in Northern Hemisphere; smaller areas in New Zealand and AUS

189
Q

temperate braodleaf forest precipitation

A

70 to >200 cm annually. significant amounts of precip fall during all seasons

190
Q

temperate braodleaf forest temperature and seasons

A

winter temps: around 0C summers: max near 30C, hot and humid

191
Q

a mature temperate broadleaf forest has

A

distinct, highly diverse, vertical layers

192
Q

layers of temperate broadleaf forest

A

closed canopy, 1 or 2 strata of understory trees, shrub layer, herbaceous stratum

193
Q

dominant plants in Northern Hem temperate braodleaf forest

A

deciduous trees

194
Q

deciduous trees

A

drop leaves before winter, when low temps would reduce photosynthesis and make it difficult to take up water from frozen soil

195
Q

dominant plants in AUS temperate braodleaf forest

A

evergreen eucalyptus

196
Q

animals in NorthernHem temperate braodleaf forest

A

winter: mammals hibernate; birds migrate

197
Q

tundra distribution

A

covers expansive areas of the Arctic. 20% of earths land surface

198
Q

alpine tundra

A

plant communities similar to those of the tundra biome; created by high winds and cold temps; occur on very high mountainstops at all latitudes, even tropics

199
Q

tundra and alpine tundra precip

A

T: 20-60cm annually
AT: >100cm

200
Q

tundra temps and seaosns

A

winters: long and cold; averages < -30C
summers: short, avg < 10C

201
Q

vegetation of tundra mostly

A

herbaceous

202
Q

permafrost

A

permenantly frozen layer of soil; generally prevents water infiltration

203
Q

tundra animals

  • resident
  • migratory
  • use as breeding grounds during summer
A

musk ox; caribou and reindeer; birds

204
Q

human impact on tundra

A

focus of signifciant mineral and oil extraction in recent years /

nop (8 decks)

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