52 Flashcards

1
Q

population ecology

A

study of populations in relation to the environment

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2
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

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3
Q

uniform dispersion pattern may result from

A

direct interactions btwn individuals in the population

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4
Q

why do some plants exhibit uniform dispersion pattern

A

they secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination and growth of nearby individuals that could compete for resources

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5
Q

animals often exhibit uniform dispersion b/c of

A

antagonistic social interactions, ex territoriality

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6
Q

territoriality

A

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

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7
Q

__ dispersion pattern not as common in populations as __ pattern

A

uniform; clumped

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8
Q

3 factors that influence pouplation density and dispersion patterns

A

ecological needs of a species, environmental sturcture, interactions btwn individuals within the population

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9
Q

demography

A

study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

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10
Q

life tables

A

age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population

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11
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals of the same age

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12
Q

best way to construct a life table

A

follow the fate of a cohort from birth until all are dead

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13
Q

to build the life table, we need to determine

A
# of individuals that die in each age group; 
proportion of cohort surviving from one age to the next
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14
Q

survivorship curve

A

graphic way of representing data in a life table; plot of proportion of numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

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15
Q

animals that exhibit type I survivorship

A

humans and large mammals that produce few offspring but provide them w/ good care

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16
Q

what type of animals exhibit type III and 3 examples

A

those that produce very large numbers of offspring but provide little or no care; ex long-lived plants, fishes, marine invertebrates

17
Q

examples of type II organisms

A

belding’s ground squirrels, other rodents, various invertebrates, some lizards, some annual plants

18
Q

describe bird surivorship

A

high morality among young (type 3), constant mortality among adults (type 2)

19
Q

describe invertebrate survivorship

A

“stair-stepped” curve. brief periods of increased mortality during molts, followed by periods of lower mortality when exoskeleton is hard

20
Q

in populations without immi/emigration, which 2 factors determine population trends

A

survivorship, reproductive rate

21
Q

reproductive table aka

A

fertility schedule

22
Q

reproductive table is an

A

age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population

23
Q

best way to construct fertility schedule

A

measure reproductive output of a cohort from birth til death

24
Q

reproductive output for sexual species is

A

the produce of the proportion of females of a given age that are breeding and the number of females of a given age that are breeding and the number of female offspring of those breeding females

25
life history
traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival
26
life histories entail 3 basic variables:
when reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, how many offspring are produced during each reproductive episode
27
big bang reproduction aka
semelparity
28
big-bang reproduction
produce thousands of offspring in a single reproductive opportunity, then dies (parent)
29
2 organisms big bang reproduction
salmon, agaves
30
repeated reproduction aka
iteroparity
31
iteroparity
several reproductive episodes, only a few offspring per episode
32
in what environment is iteroparity more favorable
dependable environments where competition for resources may be intense
33
in what environment is semelparity more favorable
low survival rate of offspring, as in highly variable or unpredictable environments
34
K-selection
selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density; density-dependent selection
35
r-selection
selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments (low densities); density-independent selection
36
K-selection tends to maximize poopulation size and oprates in populations living at
carrying capacity
37
r-selection tends to maximize
r, the rate of increase
38
r-selection occurs in environments in which
population densities will fluctuate well below carrying capacity or inidivudlas are likely to face little competition
39
in many bird populations. ____ is a good indication that territoriality is restricting population growth
presence of surplus (nonbreeding) individuals