RBCs and Platelets

Question 1

How do kidneys control RBCs produced?

Answer 1

Erythropoietin

Question 2

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

Answer 2

Size of cell

Question 3

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Answer 3

Hgb content

Question 4

Anemia

Answer 4

Total number of erythrocytes or Hgb

Question 5

Reasons for anemia

Answer 5

Low amount or low quality hemoglobin
Increased erythrocyte destruction
Blood loss

Question 6

Anemia general symptoms

Answer 6

Weak/fatigue
Pallor
Lethargy, dizziness, fainting
Increased RR + HR

Question 7

RBC destruction & recycling

Answer 7

Unconjugated (indirect)-> conjugated (direct)

Question 8

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 8

Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
RBCs destroyed while iron is retained
Jaundice

Question 9

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 9

Deoxygenation of Hgb
Vaso-occlusive crisis

Question 10

Thalassemia

Answer 10

Reduced hemoglobin synthesis
Microcytic-hypochromic
Beta more severe than alpha

Question 11

Thalassemia manifestations

Answer 11

Growth delay, fractures, spenomegaly, hepatomegaly

Question 12

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 12

Microcytic hypochromic
Epithelial tissue atrophy - spoon-shaped nails, beefy tongue
Low MCV, low MCHC, low iron

Question 13

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 13

Macrocytic-normochromic
Deficiency in B12 or folate
Large flimsy cells
High MCV

Question 14

Causes of B12 deficiency anemia

Answer 14

Inadequate intake
Inadequate absorption
Lacking intrinsic factor

Question 15

Pernicious anemia

Answer 15

No intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells
Neurologic changes w/demyelination
Glove & stocking parasthesia

Question 16

Vitamin B9 Anemia

Answer 16

Folic acid deficiency
No neurological symptoms
Can result in poor development of neural tube (pregnancy)

Question 17

Aplastic anemia

Answer 17

Marrow stems cells are damaged
Pancytopenia - all cells deficient
Anemia symptoms, infection, thrombocytopenia (petechiae, purpura)A

Question 18

Anemia of chronic disease

Answer 18

Chronic inflammation w/release of cytokines
Microcytic-hypochromic

Question 19

Polycythemia

Answer 19

Overproduction of RBCs
Primary: neoplastic
Secondary: due to hypoxia

Question 20

Erythoblastosis fetalis

Answer 20

Rh-negative mothers with Rh positive infants

Question 21

Stages of hemostasis

Answer 21

Vessel spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood coagulation, clot retraction, clot dissolution

Question 22

Factor V Leiden

Answer 22

Hypercoagulability

Question 23

thrombocytosis

Answer 23

> 1000000/microliter

Question 24

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Answer 24

Hypercoagulability
Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids

Question 25

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 25

Platelets <150,000
Cause could be aplastic anemia
Petechiae, purpura, major hemorrhage

Question 26

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Answer 26

Most common form
Antigen-antibody complexes
Can cause thrombosis in arteries and veins

Question 27

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Answer 27

Acute: childhood infection
Chronic: IgG autoantibodies target platelets

Question 28

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 28

Clots and hemorrhaging
Dysfunction of ADAMTS 13 (enzyme that deactivates VWF)
Thrombi formation

Question 29

Von Willebrand’s disease

Answer 29

Increased bleeding that prevents platelets from sticking together

Question 30

Hemophilia

Answer 30

Factor VIII insufficient quantity
Spontaneous bleeding in joints that can result in contractures

Question 31

Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 31

Necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin

Question 32

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 32

Clotting and hemorrhage occur simultaneously
Tissue factor is primary initiator
Clot formation is activated and consumes platelets leading to hemorrhage