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NURS 554 - Pathophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Cell, Genetics, Inflammation, Immune System, Cancer, WBCs

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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2
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cell growth that varies in cell size, shape, and organization

Cells still function as normal, but are disorganized.

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

One mature cell replaced by another type

A change in type of cell.

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4
Q

Manifestations of cell injury

A

Water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium

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5
Q

Difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis does not cause inflammation`

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6
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Due to bacteria
Causes pus

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7
Q

Coagulation necrosis

A

Hypoxic cell injury

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8
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Creates a walled off area
Cottage cheese-like material
ex. TB

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9
Q

Dry gangrene

A

Blood can’t reach limb
Shriveled, black, dry, no feeling or pulse, cold

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10
Q

Wet gangrene

A

Blood can reach limb but not return
Stink, swollen, drainage, skin turns brown

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11
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Bacteria (Clostridium) lets off gas
Can turn into sepsis

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12
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene. Codes for the same thing, just a different version.

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13
Q

Examples of autosomal dominant inheritance

A

Marfan, neurofibromatosis, Huntington’s

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14
Q

Expressivity

A

Variations of a phenotype in individuals carrying a particular genotype

Severity of a condition

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15
Q

Penetrance

A

Percentage of people with a specific genotype that possess an associated phenotype

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16
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance examples

A

CF, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell

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17
Q

X-linked dominant

A

Fragile X syndrome
Results in intellectual disability

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18
Q

Deletion of chromosome

A

Most detrimental
Cri du chat

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19
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When the chromosomes don’t separate like they are supposed to during meiosis

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20
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Affects women
Single X chromosome
Small, poor secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Affects males
2 X chromosomes and one Y
Tall stature, poor sexual development

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22
Q

Epigenetics effects

A

DNA methylation: adding methyl
Histone modification
Silences DNA by inhibiting formation of mRNA
Promotes gene transcription

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23
Q

2 characteristics of cancer

A

Anaplasia and autonomous

24
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that tell cells to divide

25
Q

Oncogenes

A

Abnormal mutations that cause cells to divide uncontrollably

26
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene role in cancer

A

Underactivity causes unregulated growth. Generally a recessive mutation.

27
Q

Innate immunity cells

A

Mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells, platelets, cytokines

28
Q

Adaptive immunity cells

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines and antibodies

29
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction

30
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling molecules

Interleukins, interferons, chemokines

31
Q

Complement System

A

MAC, mast cell degranulation, chemotactic factors, opsonins (attach to foreign molecule to tell it to attack)

32
Q

Kinin system

A

Bradykinin – works alongside prostaglandins to cause pain

33
Q

Coagulation system

A

fibrin -> clot

34
Q

Cellular phase of inflammation/healing

A

Immune cells moving by BVs to injury site, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

35
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Usually self-limiting
Granuloma formation

36
Q

2 components of adaptive immune system

A

Humoral and cell-mediated

37
Q

Adaptive immune system cells

A

Antigen presenting cells, B and T lymphocytes, MHC

38
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Matures in bone marrow
Plasma cell -> memory B cells

39
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Mature in the thymus
Differentiate into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or memory T cells

40
Q

MHC (major histocompatability complex)

A

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Lets the body know what is “self” and what needs to be destroyed

41
Q

Humoral immune system – antigen binding results in

A

Neutralization and destruction of pathogen
Adherence of antigen to immune cells
Phagocytosis
Complement activation
Formation of antigen-antibody complexes

42
Q

HIV

A

Makes DNA from RNA
Bloodborne pathogen

43
Q

Life cycle of HIV

A

Attachment
Fusion
Reverse transcription
Integration
Replication
Assembly
Release

44
Q

How HIV affects immune system

A

Infects T helper cells where they can’t initiate immune response. No B cells or killer T cells made as a result

45
Q

HIV Primary Infection

A

Flu-like symptoms

46
Q

HIV Window period

A

period of 6 weeks to 6 months where they test negative but are infectious

47
Q

HIV Seroconversion

A

Antibodies against HIV appear

48
Q

HIV Latent phase

A

Asymptomatic, persistent lymphadenopathy, still infectious

49
Q

AIDS-associated illness

A

Candidiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, AIDS dementia complex, TB, Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

50
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylactic hypersensitivity
IgE mediated
Binds on mast cell

51
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Tissue-specific
IgG or IgM attaches to antigens on cell surfaces

ex. hemolytic anemia, mismatched blood reaction

52
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

Antigen-antibody complexes
Complement and neutrophils

Autoimmune conditions

53
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

Cell-mediated or DELAYED hypersensitivity
Hapten binds to self-protein
Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells and recruit macrophages

Histocompatibility: hyperacute, acute, or chronic
Tissue grafts and organ transplantation

54
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

Philadelphia chromosome

55
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Release M protein

56
Q

Lymphoma involves what cells?

A

T, B, and NK cells

57
Q

Myelogenous leukemia involves what cells?

A

RBCs, platelets, everything except T and B cells

NURS 554 - Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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