Exam 1 Flashcards
Cell, Genetics, Inflammation, Immune System, Cancer, WBCs
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells
Dysplasia
Cell growth that varies in cell size, shape, and organization
Cells still function as normal, but are disorganized.
Metaplasia
One mature cell replaced by another type
A change in type of cell.
Manifestations of cell injury
Water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium
Difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis does not cause inflammation`
Liquefactive necrosis
Due to bacteria
Causes pus
Coagulation necrosis
Hypoxic cell injury
Caseous necrosis
Creates a walled off area
Cottage cheese-like material
ex. TB
Dry gangrene
Blood can’t reach limb
Shriveled, black, dry, no feeling or pulse, cold
Wet gangrene
Blood can reach limb but not return
Stink, swollen, drainage, skin turns brown
Gas gangrene
Bacteria (Clostridium) lets off gas
Can turn into sepsis
Allele
Alternative form of a gene. Codes for the same thing, just a different version.
Examples of autosomal dominant inheritance
Marfan, neurofibromatosis, Huntington’s
Expressivity
Variations of a phenotype in individuals carrying a particular genotype
Severity of a condition
Penetrance
Percentage of people with a specific genotype that possess an associated phenotype
Autosomal recessive inheritance examples
CF, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell
X-linked dominant
Fragile X syndrome
Results in intellectual disability
Deletion of chromosome
Most detrimental
Cri du chat
Nondisjunction
When the chromosomes don’t separate like they are supposed to during meiosis
Turner Syndrome
Affects women
Single X chromosome
Small, poor secondary sex characteristics
Klinefelter Syndrome
Affects males
2 X chromosomes and one Y
Tall stature, poor sexual development
Epigenetics effects
DNA methylation: adding methyl
Histone modification
Silences DNA by inhibiting formation of mRNA
Promotes gene transcription
2 characteristics of cancer
Anaplasia and autonomous
Proto-oncogenes
Normal genes that tell cells to divide
Oncogenes
Abnormal mutations that cause cells to divide uncontrollably
Tumor Suppressor Gene role in cancer
Underactivity causes unregulated growth. Generally a recessive mutation.
Innate immunity cells
Mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells, platelets, cytokines
Adaptive immunity cells
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines and antibodies
What does histamine cause?
Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, smooth muscle contraction
Cytokines
Signaling molecules
Interleukins, interferons, chemokines
Complement System
MAC, mast cell degranulation, chemotactic factors, opsonins (attach to foreign molecule to tell it to attack)
Kinin system
Bradykinin – works alongside prostaglandins to cause pain
Coagulation system
fibrin -> clot
Cellular phase of inflammation/healing
Immune cells moving by BVs to injury site, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
Chronic inflammation
Usually self-limiting
Granuloma formation
2 components of adaptive immune system
Humoral and cell-mediated
Adaptive immune system cells
Antigen presenting cells, B and T lymphocytes, MHC
B lymphocytes
Matures in bone marrow
Plasma cell -> memory B cells
T lymphocytes
Mature in the thymus
Differentiate into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, or memory T cells
MHC (major histocompatability complex)
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Lets the body know what is “self” and what needs to be destroyed
Humoral immune system – antigen binding results in
Neutralization and destruction of pathogen
Adherence of antigen to immune cells
Phagocytosis
Complement activation
Formation of antigen-antibody complexes
HIV
Makes DNA from RNA
Bloodborne pathogen
Life cycle of HIV
Attachment
Fusion
Reverse transcription
Integration
Replication
Assembly
Release
How HIV affects immune system
Infects T helper cells where they can’t initiate immune response. No B cells or killer T cells made as a result
HIV Primary Infection
Flu-like symptoms
HIV Window period
period of 6 weeks to 6 months where they test negative but are infectious
HIV Seroconversion
Antibodies against HIV appear
HIV Latent phase
Asymptomatic, persistent lymphadenopathy, still infectious
AIDS-associated illness
Candidiasis, pneumocystis pneumonia, AIDS dementia complex, TB, Kaposi’s sarcoma, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic hypersensitivity
IgE mediated
Binds on mast cell
Type 2 hypersensitivity
Tissue-specific
IgG or IgM attaches to antigens on cell surfaces
ex. hemolytic anemia, mismatched blood reaction
Type 3 hypersensitivity
Antigen-antibody complexes
Complement and neutrophils
Autoimmune conditions
Type 4 hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated or DELAYED hypersensitivity
Hapten binds to self-protein
Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T cells and recruit macrophages
Histocompatibility: hyperacute, acute, or chronic
Tissue grafts and organ transplantation
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome
Multiple myeloma
Release M protein
Lymphoma involves what cells?
T, B, and NK cells
Myelogenous leukemia involves what cells?
RBCs, platelets, everything except T and B cells
