Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > RBC > Flashcards

RBC Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic Tissues

A
  • Childhood
    – Up to the age of puberty, all bone marrow is red and hematopoietically active
  • Adult (~18 years of age)
    – Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis, and proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus and femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hematopoiesis

A
  • Stem cells
    • CFU (colony forming unit)

* BFU (burst forming unit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythrocyte

A

• An anucleate cell, which is the vehicle for the transportation of hemoglobin. The function of hemoglobin is the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normoblastic Maturation

A

• Pronormoblast (proerythocyte)
• Basophilic normoblast (early erythroblast)
• Polychromatophilic normoblast (late erythroblast)
• Orthrochromatic normoblast (normoblast)
• Reticulocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Erythropoietin

A

• A hormone which affects the production of increased numbers of red cells
• Glycoprotein
• Produced mainly in the kidney ***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Erythropoietin: Action

A
  • Induces committed progenitor cells in the marrow to proliferate and differentiate into pronormoblasts
  • Shortens the generation time of normoblasts
  • Promotes early release of reticulocytes into the circulation ***
  • Result: normoblastic erythroid hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Erythropoietin Levels

A

• Elevated
– Anemia
– hypoxia

• Decreased
– Polycythemia vera
– Chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Erythron

A

The combined population of erythrocytes and their precursors, whether mature or immature, in blood, bone marrow, or extravascular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reticulocyte Count

A
  • Reticulocytes: occupy an intermediate position between NRBC and mature RBC. They remain in circulation for 1 day until they mature
  • Detected with special stains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reticulocyte Count

A

• The absolute reticulocyte count is determined by multiplying the reticulocyte
percentage by the red cell count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reticulocyte Production Index

A

• Corrected for increased circulating reticulocyte life span or decreased RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bone Marrow Examination

A

• Specimen
– Biopsy
– Aspirate

• Stains
– Iron
– Wright-giemsa
– Wright
– Hematoxylin eosin (H&E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bone Marrow Evaluation

A

• Cellularity
– Varies with age and site

• Distribution of cells
– Estimate
– Enumeration: counting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bone Marrow Evaluation

A
  • Myeloid:Erythroid ratio
    – Ratio of total # of granulocyte precursors to total # of red cell precursors
  • Increased: Erythroid hypoplasia, infection, myelogenous leukemia
  • Decreased: erythroid hyperplasia, depressed granulopoiesis
  • Megakaryocytes: number
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bone Marrow Evaluation

A

• Number and location of lymphoid aggregates
• Presence or absence of iron
• Presence or absence of rare or abnormal cells
• Structure of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Basic Hematologic Tests

A

Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Erythrocyte Count
Wintrobe Indices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Conjugated protein which is the transport vehicle for oxygen and carbon dioxide
    • Measured spectrographically
  • Reference range:
    – Males: 14 – 18 g/dl
    – Females: 12 – 16 g/dl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • The ratio of the volume of erythrocytes to that of whole blood
  • Methods:
    – Automated: calculated from MCV and RBC – HCT = MCV x RBC
  • Reference range
    – Males: 41- 53 %
    – Females: 36 – 46%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Erythrocyte Count (RBC)

A
  • Expressed as # of cells per unit volume of whole blood

* Automated
– Electrical impedance – Light Scattering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Wintrobe Indices

A

MCV
MCH

MCHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

*** checking anemia

A
  • The average volume of the red cells

* MCV = HCT/RBC. **
• Measured in femtoliters (10-15 )
• Reference range: 76 – 96 fl

22
Q

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

A

• The content (weight) of hemoglobin of the average red cell
• MCH = HGB/RBC. *****
• Reference range: 27 – 33 pg
• Picogram = 10-12 grams

23
Q

Mean Cell Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)

A

• The average concentration of HGB in a given volume of packed red blood cells.
• MCHC = HGB/HCT
• Reference range: 30 –35 g/dl

** HCT - no plasma, no wbc, no platelets

24
Q

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

A

• Measure of the variability of MCV distribution
• Increased in conditions with large variation in red cell size
• Early indicator of iron deficiency. **

25
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

• The maturation of leukocytes from pleuripotential stem cells in the bone marrow
• Granulopoiesis: generation of granulocytes
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

26
Q

Granulocyte and Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factors

A

• Glycoprotein factors which react with specific receptors on stem cells to direct their differentiation into committed stem cells

27
Q

CSF-GM (Colony Stimulating
Factor-Granulocyte-Monocyte)

A

• Plays a role in granulopoiesis analogous to that of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis
• Produced in endothelial cells in the bone marrow **
• Concentration dependent effect – Low concentrations—monocytes – High concentrations–granulocytes

28
Q

Stages of Granulocyte Maturation

A

• Myeloblast
• Promyelocyte
• Myelocyte
• Metamyelocyte
• Band forms
• Segmented neutrophil

29
Q

Cytoplasmic Granules

A

• Primary granules
– Appear initially in promyelocytes – Stain magenta
• Secondary granules
– Appear in myelocytic stage
– Small, difficult to see with light microscopy – Pale pink to gray

30
Q

Laboratory Tests

A
  • WBC
    – # white blood cells/mm3
    – Includes all types of white cells
  • Differential Count
    – Percentage of each cell type is determined
  • Bone Marrow
31
Q

White Cell Disorders

A

Leukocytosis

Leukemoid Reaction

32
Q

Leukocytosis

A

• An increase in the total WBC above the upper limit of the reference range
– Neutrophilia: increase in neutrophils
– Eosinophilia: increase in eosinophils
– Monocytosis: increase in monocytes
– Lymphocytosis: increase in lymphocytes

33
Q

Neutrophilia

A

• The primary factors influencing the neutrophils count are

– Rate of inflow of cells from the bone marrow
– Proportion of neutrophils in the marginal and circulating pools
– Rate of outflow (or destruction) from the blood

34
Q

Physiologic Neutrophilia

A

• Exercise
• Stress
• Epinephrine

35
Q

Pathologic Neutrophilia

A

• Infection
• Toxic
• Tissue destruction or necrosis • Hematologic disorders
• Inflammatory disorders

36
Q

Eosinophilia

A
  • Allergic disorders
    • Parasitic infections
    • Hematologic : CML
    • Hypereosinophilic syndrome
    – Persistent eosinophilia with no known cause
  • Drugs : digitalis, sulfonamides
37
Q

Basophilia

A

• Myeloproliferative disorders

CML

38
Q

Neutropenia

A
  • A reduction of the absolute neutrophil count

* Causes
– Bone marrow: lack of production
– Ineffective granulopoiesis
– Decreased survival/increased destruction

39
Q

Leukemoid Reaction

A

Neutrophilic

40
Q

Leukemoid Reaction

A

• Definition: an excessive leukocytic response. It includes:
– Leukocytosis of 50 x 109 /L or higher with a shift to the left
– Lower counts, even below normal, with considerable numbers of immature forms

41
Q

Neutrophilic Leukemoid Reaction

A
  • Hemolysis
    • Hemorrhage
    • Malignancy with bone marrow involvement
  • Infections
    • Severe burns
    • Hodgkin’s Disease
42
Q

Differentiation From Leukemia

A
  • Lack of eosinophilia and basophilia of CML

* Presence of more mature granulocytic forms

43
Q

Leukoerythroblastic Reaction

A

• Circulating normoblasts accompanied by a neutrophilic leukemoid reaction
• Major causes
– Metastatic carcinoma involving the bone marrow
– Sickle cell anemia

44
Q

Lymphocytic Leukemoid Reaction

A
  • Extremely high counts of normal appearing lymphocytes may occur in pertussis
  • Atypical lymphocytic leukemoid reaction – Infectious mononucleosis
45
Q

Abnormal WBC Morphology

A

Auer Rods
Toxic Granulation
Dohle Inclusion Bodies
Hypersegmentation

46
Q

Auer Rods

A

• Linear or spindle-shaped red-purple inclusions in blasts or promyelocytes

• Usually seen only in pathologic conditions – AML (acute myelogenous leukemia)
**
• Derivative of azurophilic granules

47
Q

Toxic Granulation

A

• Dark blue to purple cytoplasmic granules
• Peroxidase positive
• Found in severe infections or other toxic conditions **

48
Q

Dohle Inclusions Bodies

A
  • Small oval inclusions in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils which stain pale blue with Wright’s stain
  • Remnants of free ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Frequently accompanies toxic granulation ***
49
Q

Hypersegmentation

A
  • Normal neutrophils have 2 – 5 lobes connected by a thin chromosome strand
  • Hypersegmentation occurs if :
    – > 5% of neutrophils have 5 lobes or more
    – Or if 1% of neutrophils have 6 or more lobes – Seen in megaloblastic anemia -> vt B 12 & folate defi,
50
Q

Pelger – Huet Anomaly ( not responsible for)

A

• Autosomal dominant
• Failure of normal segmentation of granulocytic nuclei
• Most nuclei are band shaped or bilobed

51
Q

Hematopoietic Tissues

A

• Embryo
– Third week: yolk sac
– Third month: liver

• Fetal
– Fourth month: bone marrow

• Birth
– The bone marrow is virtually the sole source of blood cells

Pathology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions