Rare or atypical processes

Question 1

Initial consonant deletion

Answer 1

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Deletion of the initial consonant in syllable-initial word-initial position
(e.g., song [sɒŋ] → [ɒŋ]; feet [fit] → [it]). This process is uncommon and atypical in English, but common and typical in some other languages (McLeod, 2010; see Table 5-4).

Question 2

Backing
What is it?
What are the two types?

Answer 2

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Backing: Substitution of a consonant further forward in the mouth with a consonant articulated further back in the mouth. Two types:
Backing of velars
Backing of fricatives

Question 3

Backing of velars

Answer 3

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
characterized by /t/ → [k]; /d/ → [ɡ]; /n/ → [ŋ]. This process is the opposite of velar fronting

Question 4

Backing of fricatives

Answer 4

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
characterized by /s/ → [ ʃ]; /z/ → [ʒ]) is the opposite of palatal fronting (e.g., Sue /su/ → [ ʃu]; zoo /zu/ → [ʒu])

Question 5

Gliding of fricatives

Answer 5

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Substitution of fricatives with a glide. If this process is present, sibilants tend to be replaced by [j], and other fricatives replaced by [w] (e.g., see /si/ → [ji]; feet /fit/ → [wit])

Question 6

Denasalization

Answer 6

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Substitution of a nasal consonant with a homorganic plosive, such as /m/ → [b], /n/→ [d] and /ŋ/ → [ɡ]. Some of the words in your own speech are denasalized (hyponasal) when you have a cold with blocked nose (e.g., me /mi/ → [bi]; knee /ni/ → [di]; sing /sɪŋ/ → [sɪɡ]).

Question 7

Affrication

Answer 7

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Substitution of fricatives with affricates (e.g., shoe /ʃu/ → [ʧu]; zip /zɪp/ → [ʤɪp]).

Question 8

Systematic sound preference

Answer 8

Rare or atypical process produced by English-speaking children
Substitution of one speech sound for a range of other speech sounds, such as using [f] for all fricatives and affricates (e.g., shoe /ʃu/ → [fu]; zip /zɪp/ → fɪp]) or [d] for all consonants in word-initial position in words (e.g., shoe /ʃu/ → [du]; zip /zɪp/ → [dɪp]; run /ɹʌn/ → [dʌn]; spoon /spun/ → [dun]; me /mi/ → [di]).

Question 9

Glottal insertion

Answer 9

Substitution of a consonant with a glottal stop such as /t/ → [ʔ] in hat /hæt/ → [hæʔ], happy /hæpi/ → [ʔæʔi] and catching /kæʧɪŋ/ → [kæʔɪŋ]. Glottal insertion, while not a feature of typically developing speech, can occur in children with SSD and is considered to be the most common compensatory articulation used by children with a cleft palate