Common substitution processes

Question 1

Velar fronting

Answer 1

Common substitution process
Substitution of a velar consonant with an alveolar, such as /k/ → [t]; /ɡ/ → [d]; /ŋ/ → [n].

Question 2

Palatal fronting

Answer 2

Common substitution process
AKA depalatalization
Substitution of a postalveolar consonant with an alveolar, such as /ʃ/ → [s]; /ʒ/ → [z]

Question 3

Stopping of fricatives

Answer 3

Common substitution process
Substitution of a fricative consonant with a plosive. Eg /f/ → [p]; /v/ → [b]; /θ/ → [p] OR [t]; /ð/ → [b] or [d]; /s/ → [t]; /z/ → [d]; /ʃ/ → [t]; /ʒ/ → [d] (e.g., feet /fit/→ [pit]; van /væn/ → [bæn]; see /si/ → [ti]; zoo /zu/ → [du]; shoe /ʃu/ → [tu]; occasion /əkeʒən/ → [əkedən]).

Question 4

Stopping of affricates

Answer 4

Common substitution process
Substitution of an affricate consonant with a plosive Eg /ʧ/ → [t] and /ʤ/ → [d] (e.g., chew / ʧu/→ [tu]; jam /ʤæm/ → [dæm]). Stopping of affricates is not to be confused with deaffrication or depalatalization.

Question 5

Deaffrication

Answer 5

Common substitution process
Substitution of an affricate consonant with a fricative such as /ʧ/→ [ ʃ ] and /ʤ/→ [ʒ] (e.g., chew /ʧu/ → [ ʃu]; jam /ʤæm/ → [ʒæm]). This process is not to be confused with stopping of affricates or depalatalization.

Question 6

Gliding of liquids

Answer 6

Common substitution process
Substitution of a liquid /l, ɹ / with a glide /w, j/ such as /l/→ [w] or [j], and /ɹ/→ [w] or [j].

Question 7

Context sensitive voicing

Answer 7

Common substitution process
Context sensitive voicing (CSV): This process describes the loss of voice/voice-less contrasts within syllable-initial and syllable-final contexts (Grunwell, 1997): /p/ → [b], /t/ → [d], /k/ → [ɡ], /f/→ [v], /s/→ [z], /ʃ/→ [ʒ], /ʧ/→ [ʤ]. There are two types:

(a) Prevocalic voicing: (Voiceless  voiced) Whereby voiceless consonants are replaced by the voiced counterpart in syllable-initial position in words such as pea /pi/ → [bi]; tea /ti/ → [di]; key /ki/ → [ɡi].
(b) Postvocalic devoicing: (Voiced  voiceless) Substitution of a voiced consonant with the voice-less counterpart in syllable-final position in words such as bib /bɪb/ → [bɪp]; lid /lɪd/ → [lɪt]; bag /bæɡ/ → [bæk]; love /lʌv/ → [lʌf]; buzz / bʌz / → [bʌs]; badge /bæʤ/ → [bæʧ].

Question 8

Prevocalic voicing

Answer 8

Common substitution process
(Voiceless  voiced) Whereby voiceless consonants are replaced by the voiced counterpart in syllable-initial position in words such as pea /pi/ → [bi]; tea /ti/ → [di]; key /ki/ → [ɡi].

Question 9

Postvocalic devoicing

Answer 9

Common substitution process
(Voiceless  voiced) Whereby voiceless consonants are replaced by the voiced counterpart in syllable-initial position in words such as pea /pi/ → [bi]; tea /ti/ → [di]; key /ki/ → [ɡi].

Question 10

Consonant cluster simplification

Answer 10

Common substitution process
Substitution of one or more consonants with an easier consonant (Not to be confused with cluster reduction).
Eg /bl/ → [bw]; /dɹ/ → [dw]; /fl/ → [pl] or [pw]; /sk/→ [st]; /kɹ/→ [kw] or [tw]; /ʃɹ/→ [sw] or [tw]. Typically, the change is the result of another simplification process such as fronting, gliding of liquids, stopping of fricatives, and/or context sensitive voicing.

Question 11

Fricative Simplification

Answer 11

Common substitution process
Substitution of an interdental consonant with a labial consonant, such as /θ/ → [f] and /ð/ → [v] (e.g., thumb /θʌm/ → [fʌm]; that /ðæt/ → [væt]).