Less common substitution processes

Question 1

Alveolarization

Answer 1

Less common substitution process
Substitution of a labiodental or interdental consonant with an alveolar consonant such as /f/ → [s], /v/ → [z], /θ/ → [s], and /ð/ → [z] (e.g., feet /fit/ → [sit]; van /væn/ → [zæn]; thumb /θʌm/ → [sʌm]; that /ðæt/ → [zæt]).

Question 2

Vocalization

Answer 2

Less common substitution process
Substitution of a syllabic consonant such as /l/ with a vowel, such as /l/ → [ʊ] e.g., bottle –> botoo, apple –> appu

Question 3

Labialization

Answer 3

Less common substitution process
Substitution of a non-labial consonant with a labial (bilabial or labiodental) consonant, such as /ʧ/ → [f] (e.g., chip /ʧɪp/ → [fɪp]) and /s/ → [f] (e.g., sun /sʌn/ → [fʌn]). Edwards and Shriberg (1983) include the substitution of /θ/ → [f] and /ð/ → [v] as labialization. Given that this latter pattern of substitution is com-mon in typically developing English-speaking children’s speech, we prefer the term fricative simplification exclusively for /θ/ → [f] and /ð/ → [v] substitutions.

Question 4

Stopping of liquids

Answer 4

Less common substitution process
Substitution of a liquid consonant with a plosive consonant such as /l/ → [d] and /ɹ/ → [d] (e.g., run /ɹʌn/→ [dʌn]; lamb /læm/ → [dæm]).