Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE Step 1 > Rapid Review: Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

Rapid Review: Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anti-centromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

  • Antibodies against desmosomes (macula adherens, contains cadherins)
  • Flaccid blisters involving oral mucosa
  • Separation of epidermis with manual traaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture’s syndomre (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antihistone antbodies

A

Drug-induced SLE

- Hydralazine, INH, procainamide, penytoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere’s deformity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antimitochrondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

Primary billiary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal HTN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Vasculitis

  • c-ANCA: Wegener’s
  • p-ANCA: microscopic polyangitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-dsDNA and anti-Smith)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

  • all ANAs: sensitive, but not specific for SLE
  • anti-dsDNA: very specific, poor prognosis
  • anti-Smith: very specific, less sensitive, not prognostic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distension, weight loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“Apple core” lesions on KUB

A

CRC (usually L-sided)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts

A

Auer rods

- AML, esp M3 (promyelocytic type)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: GAS (Strep pyogenes)
Resistant: GBS (Strep agalactiae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

“Bamboo spine” on X-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA B-27)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

- 2/2 splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Sideroblastic anemia

  • Toxins: lead, copper, or zinc poisoning
  • Drug-induced: ethanol (*MC), isoniazid, chloramphenicol, cycloserine, Linezolid, oral contraceptives
  • Nutritional: pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) or copper deficiency
  • Diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis or multiple myeloma
  • Genetic: ALA synthase deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“Boot-shaped” heart on X-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Branching, gram-pos rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

  • Anaerobe, not acid fast
  • Oral/facial abcesses, normal oral flora
  • Tx with PCN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung cancer

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:

1) HyperPTH
2) Osteitis fibrosa cystica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chaga’s disease (Typanosoma cruzi, a flagellate protozoan)

  • “Kissing bug:” Rhodnius prolixus/Reduviid bug, painless bit (vs. painful Tsetse fly bite of Trypansoma brucei, African sleeping sickness)
  • Romana’s sign: swelling of eyelid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

1) Goodpastures
2) Wegener’s
3) MPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright (pseudo)rosettes (differentiated tumor cells surround neuropil - not a true rosette b/c contains fibrillary material vs. empty lumen of Flexner–Wintersteiner rosette in retinoblastoma)

1) Neuroblastoma
2) Medulloblastoma
3) Retinoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphillis)

If involves spinocerebllar tract: Vit B12, Vit E, or Friedreich’s ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substania nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

call (bronchial asthma)

- Can result in whorled mucous plugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies

- Granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV)

- Predisposes to cervical cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl’s eye” appearance of CMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie” eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory bodies (Alcoholic liver disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson’s disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A 
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis)
- Often yellow fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in hippocampal nerve cells

A

Rabies virus

  • Lyssavirus genus in family of Rhabdovirus
  • (-)ssRNA, helical capsid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A 
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
- Beta amyloid from amyloid precursor protein

Not be be confused with senile cardiac amyloid (transthyretin amyloid in AF - Amyloid associated with familial amyloid neuropathies [AF]. Amyloid deposition of a mutant form of transthyretin, a normal serum protein that transports thyroxin and retinol [vitamin A], occurs in peripheral nerves in familial amyloid polyneuropathy, an AD disorder occurring in different parts of the world.)

41
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin’s lymphoma)

42
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk-sac tumor)

43
Q

“Hair-on-end” (crew-cut appearance on x-ray)

A

Marrow expansion in response to anemia

1) Beta-thalassemia
2) Sickle cell anemia

Finding seen in the diploic space on skull radiographs and has the appearance of long, thin vertical striations that look like hair standing on end.
The skull alterations are due to overactivity of the red marrow in response to anemia. This marrow hyperplasia widens the diploic space and thins the outer table. There is trabecular destruction with thickening of the residual trabeculae.

44
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)

45
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rhematic fever)

46
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious monocucleosis (EBV)

47
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

48
Q

High levels of D-dimers

A

DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC

49
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (Primary TB, Mycobacterium bacilli)

50
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on X-ray

A

Interstitial fibrosis

51
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia

1) B12 deficiency: +neuro sx
2) Folate deficiency: -neuro sx

52
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, Pb poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)

53
Q

Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

1) Dating error
2) Anencephaly
3) Spina bifida
4) Other NT defects

54
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

1) Gout
2) Lesch-Nyhan snydrome (HGPRT)
3) Tumor lysis syndrome
4) Loop and thiazide diuretics: decrease urate excretion by increasing net urate reabsorption; this can occur either by 1) enhanced reabsorption or 2) reduced secretion
The proximal tubule is the major site of urate handling; both secretion and reabsorption occur in this segment, with the net effect being reabsorption of most of the filtered urate.

55
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

56
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A 
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
- Increased risk of mesothelioma
57
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, inmmunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease

- Congenital failure of phagolysosome formation

58
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

59
Q

Linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

60
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson’s disease

- Hepatolenticular degeneration

61
Q

“Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Post-strep glomerulonephritis

- IC deposition of IgG and C3b

62
Q

Lytic (“hole-punched”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

63
Q

Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

64
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

1) Multiple myeloma: M protein–usually IgG or IgA, CRAB, hyperviscosity syndrome
2) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): normal consequence of aging, monoclonal plasma cell expansion w/o MM sx
3) Waldenstrom’s (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia: no lytic bone lesions, hyperviscosity syndrome
4) Primary amyloidosis

65
Q

Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine

A

1) Bence Jones proteins: multiple myeloma, kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine
2) Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia: IgM, indolent B cell lymphoma

66
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)

67
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph

A

“String sign” (Crohn’s disease)

68
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

69
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic neuropathy)

70
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: Staph epidermis
Resistant: Staph saprophyticus

71
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to RHF

72
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing’s sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)

- t(11;22): fuses the EWS gene of chromosome 22 to the FLI1 gene (TF/protooncogene) of chromosome 11

73
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: Strep viridans
Resistant: Strep pneumo

74
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman’s triangle

1) Osteosarcoma
2) Ewing’s sarcoma
3) Pyogenic osteomyelitis

75
Q

Podocyte fusion on EM

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

76
Q

Polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosin

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

77
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau

A

1) Neurofibrillary tangles: Alzheimer’s disease and CJD

2) Pick’s bodies: Pick’s disease

78
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Gliobastoma multiforme

79
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

80
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

81
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral nephrosis

82
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (Ca pyrophosphate dihydrate)

83
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

84
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesions in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii

85
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells (“starry sky” appearance on histology)

A

Bukitt’s lymphoma

  • t(8;14): c-myc activation (transcription factor)
  • EBV associated
  • “black sky” made up of malignant cells
86
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A 
Pick bodies (Pick's disease)
- progressive dementia, changes in personality
87
Q

“Soap bubble” or “double bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone

  • 20-40 yrs
  • Epiphyseal end of long bones (vs. osteochondroma in metaphysis)
  • Spindle shaped cells with multinucleated giant cells
88
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

  • CRAB: hyperCa, Renal insufficiency, Anemia, Bone punched-out lytic lesions/Back pain
  • Primary amyloidosis (AL)
  • M spike on SPEP
  • incr susceptibility to infection
89
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

  • May progress to nephrotic syndrome
  • Causes: idiopathic (85%), autoimmune conditions (SLE), infections (syphilis, malaria, HBV), drugs (captopril, NSAIDs, penicillamine, probenecid), inorganic salts (Ag, Hg), tumors (lung, colon)

By contrast, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has a similar name, but is considered a separate condition. MPGN involves the basement membrane AND mesangium, while membranous glomerulonephritis involves the basement membrane but NOT the mesangium

90
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

  • Gram-variable facultative anaerobic
  • Tx: metronidazole or clindamycin
91
Q

“Tennis-racket” shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhan’s cells

A

Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X)

  • Abnormal proliferation of histiocytes
  • Eosinophilic granuloma
92
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus)

  • Layers of platelets (pale) and RBCs (dark)
  • Implies thrombosis at a site of rapid blood flow that happened before death. In veins or smaller arteries, where flow is not as constant, they are less apparent.
93
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (H. flu)

94
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

  • Tubules contain eosinophilic casts
  • Vesicoureteral reflux
95
Q

“Tram-track” appearance on LM

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (Type I)

  • GBM splitting caused by mesagnial ingrowth
  • HCV (cryoglobulinemia!), HBV

vs. Type II: “dense deposits,” C3 nephritic factor

96
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic metabolic syndrome)

97
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell, affects elderly)

  • > 60 yrs
  • Warm AIHA
  • Smudge cells = fragile leukemic cells
  • Hypogammaglobulinemia: virgin B cells that cannot differentiate, incr infections!
  • MC cause of generalized nontender lymphadenopathy in elderly

Same as SLL except with incr peripheral blood lymphocytosis

98
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular appearance on LM

A

Lupus nephropathy

99
Q

Yellow CSF

A

Xanthochromia (previous SAH)
- RBCs enter CSF during the bleeding. The cells are eventually destroyed by the body, releasing their oxygen-carrying molecule heme, which is degraded by enzymes into the yellow-green pigment bilirubin.

USMLE Step 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions