Rapid Review Flashcards
Silver staining shows focal disruption of glomerular basement membranes and crescent formation within Bowman’s space
ANCA glomerulonephritis
hematuria and hemoptysis
Goodpasture’s
tuberous sclerosis
angiomyolipoma
encodes protein for ubiquitin ligase complex promoting degradation of protein which promotes cell growth and angiogenesis
VHL gene promotes degradation of HIF-1
granular deposition of IgA within mesangium
IgA nephropathy
perinephric abscess
acute pyelonephritis (from pyonephrosis)
granular casts
acute tubular necrosis
double contour basement membrane
type I MPGN
stenosis of renal artery
renovascular hypertension
double-contour basement membrane, with mesangial interposition and prominent subendothelial deposits
Type I MPGN
Schiller Duval bodies
yolk sac tumors
blastemal, stromal, epithelial cell types with abortive tubules or glomeruli
Wilms tumor
central and transitional zones of prostate
BPH
subepithelial humps
PSGN
nephrocalcinosis
renal tubular acidosis
decreased vitamin D
chronic renal failure
tubilitis or endarteritis
acute cellular allograft rejection
increased mesangial matrix, basement membrane thickened w/ segmental splitting
Type II MPGN
antibody antigen reactions in podocytes and basement membrane
Minimal change disease
type I hypersensitivity, basophils, IgE
acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
radiolucent
uric acid - not visible on x-ray
cyclophosphamide
bladder cancer and hemorrhagic cystitis
strongly eosinophilic cells with numerous mitochondria
renal oncocytoma tumors
Celiac disease
IgA nephropathy
fetal appearance with immature glomeruli and cartilage surrounding mesenchyme
multicystic dysplastic kidney
loss of function of tumor suppressor gene VHL on chromosome 3
clear cell renal cell carcinoma
dilated atrophic tubules with eosinophilic hyaline casts
thyroidization of chronic pyelonephritis
ETS overexpression
prostate adenocarcinoma resistant to androgen blockade
thickened basement membrane and mesangium
stage II diabetic nephropathy
Fanconi’s syndrome
type II renal tubular acidosis; proximal tubule
glomerular lobulation is accentuated. Increased mesangial cells and matrix capillary wall
Type I MPGN
postrenal azotemia
bilateral outflow obstruction
epithelial cells retraction of cytoplasm from basement membrane, development of microvilli
minimal change disease
hyaline casts in distal tubule and collecting ducts, interstitial edema and leukocytes
acute renal failure
proliferation of capillary endothelial cells
PSGN
C3 and properdin deposits in BM
Type II MPGN
metastasizes to lungs and bone marrow
renal cell carcinoma
edema, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia
chronic renal failure
loss of genomic imprinting of IGF2
Beckwith-Wiedemann
immune complexes found in mesangial cells
SLE membranous nephropathy
large cystic dilation of the kidney with atrophic cortex
irreversible changes due to obstruction leading to hydronephrosis
granular appearance due to IgG and C3 deposition along GBM
PSGN
acute pancreatitis
acute tubular necrosis
Beckwith-Wiedemann
Wilms tumor nephroblastoma
fibrin in Bowman’s space
RPGN
thickening of basement membrane
membranous nephropathy
IgA deposits in mesangium
IgA Nephropathy
loss of function mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes
angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis
peripheral zones of prostate
prostate adenocarcinoma
cells with clear cytoplasm containing glycogen
seminomas
Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary BM and increased amount of mesangial matrix with mild mesangial cell proliferation (mesangial enlargement)
Diabetic nephropathy
crystalline like lattices on electron microscopy
polyomavirus
capillary wall thickening, hypercellularity and small crescents
Type II MPGN
small kidney with tubular ischemic atrophy without much interstitial fibrosis
fibromuscular dysplasia
collagen deposition in mesangium and capillary loops and plasma proteins in glomerular structures
FSGS
ureaplasma urealyticum
chronic abacterial prostatitis
Increased mesangium and BM thickness
Diabetic nephropathy
medullary sponge kidney
nephrolithiasis
central scarring
renal oncocytoma
Congo red stain
amyloid nephropathy
fusion of foot processes
nephrotic in general, minimal change disease, and diabetic nephropathy
exposure to asbestos
renal cell carcinoma
diffuse granular staining of capillary walls for IgG and C3 and for terminal complement components: MAC C5b, C6 - C9
membranous nephropathy
abnormal bumpy shape of kidney
chronic pyelonephritis
alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen
Goodpasture’s
Hypercellular and enlarged glomeruli, neutrophils; proliferation of capillary endothelial cells
PSGN
pinkish fibrin like material found in vessel wall replacing viable cells which are now dead
fibrinoid necrosis - HTN
eosinophilic cells with numerous mitochondria
renal oncocytoma
uteropelvic obstruction or ureteral atresia
multicystic dysplastic kidney
lead exposure
uric acid stones
2-napthylamine exposure
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
thickening of medial arterial smooth muscle alternating with atrophy
fibromuscular dysplasia
subendothelial deposits and lobulated glomeruli; increased mesangial cells and basement membrane
Type I MPGN
placental morphology containing malignant trophoblast with malignant synctriotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast cells present
choriocarcinoma
sickle cell disease
FSGS
fibromuscular dysplasia
renovascular hypertension
tumor lysis syndrome seen with chemotherapy
uric acid stones
thryoidization
chronic pyelonephritis
cryptochordism or undescended testes
seminomas
Bcl-2 and Bcl-x
anti apoptotic
pregnancy
UTIs and acute pyelonephritis
anemia
ESRD
gynecomastia
Leydig cell tumors
Choriocarcinoma
granular staining for C3 in the capillary walls and mesangium
Type I MPGN
peripheral eosinophilia
acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
diffuse thinning of basement membrane
benign familial hematuria aka thin BM lesion
capillary wall thickening, hypercellularity, small crescent
type II MPGN
multiple myeloma
amyloid nephropathy with immunoglobulin light chain amyloid
mutation in nephrin and podocin
proteinuria - components of slit diaphragm
radiographic contrast media
acute tubular necrosis
irregular thickening of BM, lamination of lamina densa, foci of rarefaction
Alport syndrome
fatty change followed by necrosis
acute renal failure due to carbon tetrachloride
fibrinoid necrosis
very high blood pressure
proliferation of parietal cells, infiltration of monocytes and macrophages
RPGN
mutation in dibasic acid transporter
cystinuria
chronic TB
amyloid nephropathy with serum amyloid A protein
hyaline atherosclerosis
essential HTN affects afferent arteriole
diabetes affects both arterioles (but efferent more so)
renal papillary necrosis seen in?
diabetes and acute pyelonephritis
calcification within tubules and interstitium
nephrocalcinosis
induced by mixture of aspirin and phenacetin
renal papillary necrosis
lobulated glomeruli, increasing mesangial cells and basement membrane, sub endothelial deposits
type I MPGN
thickening of pertibular capillary basement membranes and mesangial widening of glomeruli
chronic cellular allograft rejection
activating MET mutations
papillary renal cell carcinoma
11p13 germline deletion
Wager syndrome; Wilms’ tumor
polyomavirus
acute pyelonephritis in immunocomprised along with CMV and adenovirus
WBC casts
acute pyelonephritis
pleiomorphic cells surrounding a fibrovascular core
papillary transitional carcinoma of bladder
pregnancy
acute pyelonephritis, UTI
vegan diet
hyperoxaluria –>calcium oxalate stone
pelvic irradiation
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
osteomyelitis
type I membranoproliferative GN
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
IgA nephropathy
precipitate at high pH
calcium phosphate, triple phosphate
prominent nucleoli
prostate adenocarcinoma
activated c-kit
seminomas
aniridia, genital abnormalities, retardation
Wager syndrome - Wilm’s tumor
Wager syndrome
Wilms tumor nephroblastoma
Focal accumulations of mesangial matrix (lipids and fibrin) located in periphery
Kimmelstiel-Wilson Lesions (LM)
obesity
FSGS
leucine crystals
maple syrup urine disease
linear deposits of IgG and C3 in GBM
Goodpasture’s
beads on string arteriogram
fibromuscular dysplasia
mesangial proliferation
IgA Nephropathy
symptom - intestinal obstruction
Wilms tumor
neutrophils replaced by lymphocytes followed by irregular scar formation which can be visualized on the cortical surface as fibrous depressions
acute pyelonephritis - healing
dominant negative inactivating mutation of WT1
Denys-Drash syndrome
segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis
FSGS
amorphous undigestible acellular material in mesangium or renal tubules
amyloid nephropathy
triple phosphate stones
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; proteus infection
HIV infection
FSGS
sub epithelial immune complex deposits between basement membrane and podocytes
membranous nephropathy
carbon tetrachloride
acute tubular necrosis
edema and inflammation in interstitium
acute tubular necrosis
Denys-Drash
Wilms tumor nephroblastoma
bands of capillary wall staining and coarse granular staining for C3 in mesangial cells
Type II MPGN
aneurysmal dilations of capillaries
Kimmelstiel Wilson nodules
X linked
Alport syndrome
mutations in alternative complement pathway (factor H)
type II MPGN
Schistosoma
squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
pyonephrosis
acute pyelonephritis
primary hyperparathyroidism
metastatic calcification
cirrhosis
IgA nephropathy
Granular “lumpy-bumpy” appearance due to IgG and C3 deposition in capillary walls and mesangium
PSGN
gonadal dysgenesis and early onset nephropathy with renal failure
Denys-Drash –> Wilms tumor nephroblastoma
sub endothelial deposits
type I MPGN
alpha fetoprotein
Schiller Duval bodies of yolk sac tumors
IgM and C3 on IF
FSGS
IF: trapping of IgM and C3 in the segmental areas of sclerosis and hyalinosis
FSGS
sarcoidosis
metastatic calcification granulomatous prostatitis
mitochondria of renal tubular epithelial cells contain abundant calcium deposits
nephrocalcinosis
avoid ACE inhibitors
renovascular hypertension
intrarenal renal failure
acute tubular necrosis
exposure to heavy metals
renal cell carcinoma and acute tubular necrosis
glomeruli enlarged, hypercellular, neutrophils
PSGN
pericarditis
ESRD
LINEAR deposits of IgG and C3 in glomerular basement membrane
Goodpasture’s
Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY
seminoma
mutation in type IV collagen
Alport syndrome benign familial hematuria (certain chains thereof)
mutations in SLC3A1
recessive cystinuria
C3 nephritic factor
type II MPGN
groups of tubular structures lacking normal interstitial cells without sperm development
Sertoli cell tumors
Crystals of Reinke
Leydig cell tumor
sheets or nests of cells surrounded by fibrous bands which are infiltrated by lymphocytes
seminoma
interstitium fibrotic with lymphocyte infiltrate
chronic pyelonephritis
mutations in SLC7A9
dominant cystinuria
posterior urethral valves
UT obstruction, hydronephrosis, acute pyelonephritis
intranuclear inclusions and nuclear enlargement
polyomavirus
cutaneous bruising
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
precipitate at low pH
calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine
pale cortex with hyperemic medullary regions
acute tubular necrosis
deafness, eye problems, glomerulonephritis
Alport syndrome
BPH
hydronephrosis and acute pyelonephritis
osteolytic cancer metastasis
metastatic calcification
subepithelial immune complex humps between basement membrane and podocytes
PSGN
loss of imprinting of the maternal gene allowing for overexpression of IGF-2
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome –> Wilms tumor nephroblastoma
subacute bacterial endocarditis
type I membranoproliferative GN
crescent moon shape consisting of fibrin with proliferation of parietal cells and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages
RPGN
trophoblast tissue expresses beta hCG
choriocarcinoma
sexual precocity
Leydig cell tumor
p16, p53, and loss of chromosome 9
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
urinary loss of amino acids and phosphate
Fanconi’s
heroin abuse
FSGS
hemoptysis
choriocarcinoma
Goodpasture’s
any cancer which has lung metastasis
irregular thickening of basement membrane, lamination of lamina dens, foci of rarefaction
Alport Syndrome
hypocalcemia
secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure
trisomy 7, trisomy 17, loss of Y chromosome
sporadic papillary renal cell carcinoma
granulomatous prostatitis
TB, sarcoidosis, fungal infections
renal artery vasculitis
fibromuscular dysplasia
octahedral crystals
calcium oxalate
round shape, clear border, darker center crystals
leucine crystals MSUD
dystrophic calcification
calcium phosphate stone
hexagonal crystals
cystine
inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinase
tumor suppressor gene p16 (INK4A) in bladder cancer
nephritic syndrome s/s
hematuria
mild proteinuria
decreased renal fx manifested as:
edema
oliguria
elevated BUN and Cr
decreased GFR
decreased Na+ delivery to distal tubule can lead to HTN
schistocytes
RBCs lysed by extremely high blood pressure
wedge shaped scars mixed with relatively normal renal tissue
nephrocalcinosis
renal pelvis abscesses
diabetic nephropathy
deletion of tumor suppressor gene WT1 on chromosome 11
Wilms’ tumor
unilateral yellow mass
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
gentamicin
acute tubular necrosis
necrosis due to ischemia from poor blood flow
coagulative necrosis
hydropic degeneration of PCT
acute renal failure due to ethylene glycol
trisomy 7
familial papillary renal cell carcinoma
fistulas
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
C3 and properdin deposition in BM
type II MPGN
collections of neutrophils within tubules or interstitium
acute pyelonephritis
coagulative necrosis without inflammation
ischemic acute tubular necrosis
white frost on skin
ESRD
metastasizes to liver, lungs, bone marrow
transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
unilateral renal agenesis
FSGS
risk of spontaneous hemorrhage
angiomyolipoma
chlamydia
chronic abacterial prostatitis
collapse of glomerular capillaries, increased matrix material (sclerosis), and podocyte
HIV - collapsing pattern of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
hyperphosphatemia
secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure
congenital mutations in chloride channels leading to increase calcium, phosphate, and amino acids in urine
Dent’s disease
rheumatoid arthritis
amyloid nephropathy with serum amyloid A protein
hypotension, shock
prerenal azotemia
neutrophils, coagulative necrosis, and conserved tubule outlines
renal papillary necrosis
Hodgkin disease and T cell lymphoma
minimal change disease
intramembranous deposits (dense) and thickening of basement membrane
Type II MPGN
Sjogren’s
type I renal tubular acidosis; distal tubule
lipid filled macrophages
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
SLE
membranous nephropathy
Macrophage accumulation surrounding struvite stones
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
Macrophage accumulation in cortex
xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
