Random things I need to know Flashcards
(39 cards)
What is epihelial tissue?
Covers exposed surface and lines internal pathways and chambers. Forms secretory glands. Provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation, produces specialised secretions
What is connective tissue?
Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, store energy, establish a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs.
e.g. cartilage, bone, blood, connective tissue
Muscle tissue?
Contracts to produce movements. Includes skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
Nervous tissue?
Conducts electrical impulses, carries information, maintains physical structure of nervous tissue, repair after injury, provides nutrients and neurons.
Vertebral column numbers?
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacrum and coccxyx
Number of bones in hand?
Carpals - 8
Metacarpals - 5
Phalanges - 14 in a hand
What is an osteon? What is its function?
longitudinal (lengthwise) circular unit within compact bone (function= maintaining the osteocytes by providing nutrients - brought in by blood).
Lamelle
tubes of ECM with collagen fibres aligned to resist forces. Wherever forces are coming from, the bone can resist them. Lamellae form a series of cylinders down the shaft - forming the osteon.
Canaliculi
channels for osteocytes through the ECM
What is remodeling?
Bone turn over. Maintains normal mature compact bone. Blood vessels bringing in osteoblasts after the osteoclasts have destroyed the ECM and they produce ECM and the osteocytes are trapped in this ECM and then they communicate by way of the lacunae/ canaliculi. This is a ongoing process. Turns into the osteon network.
Trabeculae
(struts of lamella bone) each of the components of the cancellous bone is called a trabeculae made of lamella. Organisation of these trabecule isn’t random - organised inside the bones depending on the force (arranged in such a way to diffuse the forces going on in that area). Zone of weakness (less trabeculae)
What is DFCT made up of?
Type of connective tissue that is made up of a large number of densely packed collagen fibres arranged in a parallel formation
What is abduction and adduction at the ankle restricted by?
Restricted by the lateral and medial malleolus of the tibia, but also by collateral ligaments.
What is the synovial membrane made up of?
Epithelial cells which secrete the synovial fluid.
What are tendons and ligaments made up of?
DFCT = dense fiberous connective tissue
How is fibrocartilage formed?
By chondrocytes surrounded by the ground substance of proteoglycans, with high amounts of collagen fibres embedded in the ground substance. They vary in directions of alignment, but are always aligned with the stress.
How is DFCT formed?
Formed by fibroblasts with tightly packed collagen fibres surrounding them. These are aligned parallel.
What is the postassium concentration of the outside vs inside of the cell
K is at a high concentration on the inside of cells and a low conc on the outside.
How does high K inside the CHEMICAL cell affect movement?
There is a chemical gradient that favours K movement through the channels from the inside to the outside of the cell.
The resting membrane potential is?
Negative. -70mV.
What is the ELECTRICAL gradient for K ions?
Because the resting membrane potential is negative, the electrical gradients for K (because they are positively charged and will favour going to the negative side of the cell) is from the outside to the inside.
What is the OVERALL concentration gradient for K ions?
Overall the large potassium chemical gradient is offset (at the resting membrane potential) but still from the inside to the outside - so K+ prefers to move out of the cell. (same way as chemical gradient)
What are the roles of tropomyosin and troponin, with reference to regulating the interactions between actin and myosin?
Calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to troponin which causes a structural change in tropomyosin, exposing the active binding site on actin for the myosin head to bind to.
What does the myelinated motor axon do?
Forms a special synapse with each individual muscle fibre called the Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) at one single location on each muscle fibre membrane (sarcolemma).